Lake Onega, second largest lake in Europe, situated in the northwest part of the European portion of Russia, between Lake Ladoga and the White Sea. It covers an area of 3,753 square miles (9,720 square km). It is 154 miles (248 km) long; its greatest width is 50 miles (80 km); and its greatest

Eugene Onegin, fictional character who is the protagonist of Aleksandr Pushkin’s masterpiece Eugene Onegin (1833). Onegin is the original superfluous man, a character type common in 19th-century Russian literature. He is a disillusioned aristocrat who is drawn into tragic situations through his

Italy: The early years: …in the Ligurian town of Oneglia, captured by French armies in 1794. Oneglia became the location for the first revolutionary experiment on Italian soil when Buonarroti introduced a republican constitution and the cult of the Supreme Being and abolished seigneurial rights. The “Oneglia experiment” ended abruptly in 1795 with the…

Oneida, county, central New York state, U.S., bounded to the west by Oneida Lake and Creek and to the east by West Canada Creek and Hinckley Reservoir. It largely consists of a plateau region that becomes hillier in the south and rises to the western edge of the Adirondack Mountains in the

Amarillo, city, seat (1887) of Potter county (and partly in Randall county), on the high plains of northern Texas, U.S. The chief city of the Texas Panhandle, Amarillo is located on a sandy playa, or dry lake bed, and the tawny colour of its soil lends the city its name (Spanish: Yellow). At first

Oneida, city, Madison county, central New York, U.S. It lies on Oneida Creek, 6 miles (10 km) southeast of Oneida Lake and 26 miles (42 km) east of Syracuse. Founded in 1834 by Sands Higinbotham and named for the Oneida people who had inhabited the area, it developed as a depot and supply point for

Oneida, Iroquoian-speaking North American Indian tribe living, at the time of European contact, in what is now central New York state, U.S. They are one of the original five nations of the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) Confederacy. Like the other Iroquois tribes, the Oneida were semisedentary and

Samuel Kirkland: …Confederacy and negotiator of the Oneida Alliance with the colonists during the American Revolution (1775–83).

Oneida Community, utopian religious community that developed out of a Society of Inquiry established by John Humphrey Noyes and some of his disciples in Putney, Vt., U.S., in 1841. As new recruits arrived, the society turned into a socialized community. Noyes had experienced a religious conversion

Artemidorus: …Turkey]) was a soothsayer whose Oneirocritica (“Interpretation of Dreams”) affords valuable insight into ancient superstitions, myths, and religious rites. Mainly a compilation of the writings of earlier authors, the work’s first three books consider dreams and divination generally; a reply to critics and an appendix make up the fourth book.…

oneiromancy, prophetic divination from dreams, considered a divine act in most ancient cultures and surviving to modern times in certain folk traditions. Oneiromancy is based on the belief that dreams are messages sent to the soul by gods or the dead, most often as warnings. In the highly developed

Barnett Newman: …a breakthrough with the canvas Onement I (1948), in which a single stripe of orange vertically bisects a field of dark red. This austerely geometric style became his trademark. His paintings, many of which are quite large, typically consist of grand empty fields of saturated colour inflected with one or…

Oneonta, city, Otsego county, east-central New York, U.S. It lies in the Catskill foothills, on the Susquehanna River, within the town (township) of Oneonta, some 80 miles (129 km) southwest of Albany. Dutch and Palatinate German settlers began arriving in the area before the American Revolution,

Native American art: Midwest and Great Plains: …those of the Adena, Hopewell, Oneota, and Old Copper culture peoples; their art was extensive, making great use of sculptured stone pipes, polished ornaments of both stone and copper, and incised shell decorations.

variolation: …in Africa from his slave, Onesimus, who himself had been inoculated. Its use spread in America after 1721, and in 1728 it was introduced into South America. Variolation continued to be opposed by some religious groups and most physicians, who were not convinced of the safety of the method. It…

Letter of Paul to Philemon: …western Turkey), on behalf of Onesimus, who was enslaved to Philemon and may have run away from him. The epistle is the 18th book of the New Testament canon and was probably composed in Rome about 61 ce.

Oneşti, city, Bacău judeƫ (county), eastern Romania. The city was developed as a planned new town, begun in 1953 on the site of a 15th-century settlement. It was originally named for the communist leader Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej and was renamed Oneşti in 1996. It developed as a consequence of the

Juan Carlos Onetti was an Uruguayan novelist and short-story writer whose existential works chronicle the decay of modern urban life. The protagonists of his novels lead unhappy, isolated lives in an absurd and sordid world from which they can escape only through memories, fantasies, or death.

Oneida, Iroquoian-speaking North American Indian tribe living, at the time of European contact, in what is now central New York state, U.S. They are one of the original five nations of the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) Confederacy. Like the other Iroquois tribes, the Oneida were semisedentary and

Lake Onega, second largest lake in Europe, situated in the northwest part of the European portion of Russia, between Lake Ladoga and the White Sea. It covers an area of 3,753 square miles (9,720 square km). It is 154 miles (248 km) long; its greatest width is 50 miles (80 km); and its greatest

Lake Onega, second largest lake in Europe, situated in the northwest part of the European portion of Russia, between Lake Ladoga and the White Sea. It covers an area of 3,753 square miles (9,720 square km). It is 154 miles (248 km) long; its greatest width is 50 miles (80 km); and its greatest

Siribunyasan was the king of the Lao principality of Vientiane during whose reign Laos came to be dominated by Siam (Thailand). When Siribunyasan succeeded his father, Ong Rong, on the throne in about 1760, Laos was divided into rival states, Vientiane itself was split in factions, and Burmese

Sai Ong Hue was the ruler (1700?–35) of the Lao kingdom of Lan Xang which, during his reign, was divided into two rival kingdoms at Vientiane and Luang Prabang. Sai Ong Hue was a grandson of the great ruler Suliyavongsa. He spent most of his early years as a prince of the royal house in exile at

Andaman Islands: …the Sentinalese, the Jarawa, the Onge, and a group of peoples collectively known as the Great Andamese—only the first three retain a traditional hunting-and-gathering way of life. The Andamans, situated on the ancient trade route between India and Myanmar (Burma), were visited by Lieut. Archibald Blair of the Bombay Marine…

Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer: In Ongeloof en Revolutie (1847; “Unbelief and Revolution”), he identified disbelief in religion with the spirit of the French Revolution.

El Niño: The Oceanic Niño Index (ONI), a measure of the departure from normal sea surface temperature in the east-central Pacific Ocean, is the standard means by which each El Niño episode is determined, gauged, and forecast. El Niño episodes are indicated by sea surface temperature increases of…

oni, in Japanese folklore, a type of demonic creature often of giant size, great strength, and fearful appearance. They are generally considered to be foreign in origin, perhaps introduced into Japan from China along with Buddhism. Cruel and malicious, they can, nevertheless, be converted to

Judaism: Social, political, and religious divisions: …were the members of the Oniad family, who held the hereditary office of high priest until they were replaced by the Hasmoneans; the Temple that they supervised also functioned as a bank, where the wealth of the Temple was stored and where private individuals also deposited their money. From a…

Judaism: Religious and cultural life in the Diaspora: …by a deposed high priest, Onias IV, clearly indicates that it was heterodox; as merely the temple of a military colony, it never really offered a challenge to the Temple in Jerusalem. It is significant that the Palestinian rabbis ruled that a sacrifice intended for the temple of Onias might…

onigiri, popular Japanese snack consisting of a ball or cone of rice, often with a filling and wrapped in nori (seaweed). Onigiri takes its name from the Japanese word nigiru, meaning “to grasp” or “to squeeze,” so called because it is pressed by hand into a ball. The snack has also been called

Lagos: …city’s population is centred on Lagos Island, in Lagos Lagoon, on the Bight of Benin in the Gulf of Guinea. Lagos is Nigeria’s largest city and one of the largest in sub-Saharan Africa.

Ōnin War, (May 1467–77). By 1467 the Ashikaga dynasty of shoguns in Japan had grown so weak that a succession dispute provided the trigger for a civil war, the Onin War, and the collapse of central authority. The civil war, largely fought within the imperial capital of Kyōto, was the precursor of

Louis Johnson: …Land like a Lizard (1970), Onion (1972), Coming and Going (1982), Winter Apples (1984), and True Confessions of the Last Cannibal (1986). He edited the prose and poetry volume Antipodes New Writing (1987). His Last Poems (1990), The Perfect Symbol: Poems Unpublished and Uncollected (1998), and Selected Poems (2000) were…

onion, (Allium cepa), herbaceous biennial plant in the amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae) grown for its edible bulb. The onion is likely native to southwestern Asia but is now grown throughout the world, chiefly in the temperate zones. Onions are low in nutrients but are valued for their flavour and

oat grass: Onion couch, a variety of tall oat grass (A. elatius, variety bulbosum) named for its bulblike basal stems, is a noxious weed in areas outside its native range.

anthomyiid fly: The onion maggot (D. antiqua), found in North America, injures onions by feeding on the underground bulb and stem. The adult is a bristly gray fly about 6 or 7 mm (0.2 to 0.3 inch) long with large wings. It is best controlled by insecticide applications…

Tor (network), a free software platform designed to protect users’ identities while they are browsing the Internet and exchanging messages. Tor is widely called the largest anonymity network. The platform benefits members of the general public who strive for a higher level of privacy on the

Oliver Onions was a novelist and short-story writer whose first work to attract attention was The Story of Louie (1913), the last part of a trilogy later published as Whom God Has Sundered, in which he achieved a successful combination of poetry and realism. Of his other novels, the greatest

Oliver Onions was a novelist and short-story writer whose first work to attract attention was The Story of Louie (1913), the last part of a trilogy later published as Whom God Has Sundered, in which he achieved a successful combination of poetry and realism. Of his other novels, the greatest

asphodel: …pink asphodel, or onionweed (Asphodelus fistulosus), have white and pink flowers, respectively, and grow from 45 to 60 cm (1.5 to 2 feet) high. Branched asphodel (Asphodelus ramosus) and summer asphodel (Asphodelus aestivus) have pinkish white flowers and are very similar in appearance. Yellow asphodel, or king’s spear (Asphodeline…

Liliuokalani: As head of the ‘Onipa‘a (meaning “immovable,” “steadfast,” “firm,” “resolute”) movement, whose motto was “Hawaii for the Hawaiians,” Liliuokalani fought bitterly against annexation of the islands by the United States. Annexation nonetheless occurred in July 1898. In that year she published Hawaii’s Story by Hawaii’s Queen and composed “Aloha…

sow bug: …especially members of the genus Oniscus. Like the related pill bug, it is sometimes called the wood louse. O. asellus, which grows to a length of 18 mm (0.7 inch), is widely distributed in Europe and has also been introduced into North America. The oval, gray body, which is rather…

Onitsha, port and market town in Anambra state, southern Nigeria. The town lies on the east bank of the Niger River just south of its confluence with the Anambra River. Founded by adventurers from Benin (nearby, to the west) in the early 17th century, it grew to become the political and trading

Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio: …the publication in 1991 of Onitsha (Eng. trans. Onitsha), a semiautobiographical tale influenced by his childhood year in Nigeria, Le Clézio turned increasingly to semiautobiographical works such as the novels La Quarantaine (1995) and Révolutions (2003). In L’Africain (2004) Le Clézio recounted the childhood experience of being reunited with his…

Onitsha market literature, 20th-century genre of sentimental, moralistic novellas and pamphlets produced by a semiliterate school of writers (students, fledgling journalists, and taxi drivers) and sold at the bustling Onitsha market in eastern Nigeria. Among the most prolific of the writers were

Zeami was the greatest playwright and theorist of the Japanese Noh theatre. He and his father, Kan’ami (1333–84), were the creators of the Noh drama in its present form. Under the patronage of the shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, whose favour Zeami enjoyed after performing before him in 1374, the Noh

Challenger disaster: …pilot Michael Smith, mission specialists Ellison Onizuka, Judith Resnik, and Ronald McNair, and Hughes Aircraft engineer Gregory Jarvis.

Targum: …the earliest Targum is the Targum of Onkelos on the Pentateuch, which appeared in its final revision in the 3rd century ad. Other Targums include the Targum of Pseudo-Jonathan, the Samaritan Targum, and the Targum of Jonathan ben Uzziel.

Sholem Asch: …period belong Onkl Mozes (1918; Uncle Moses), Khayim Lederers tsurikkumen (1927; Chaim Lederer’s Return), and Toyt urteyl (1926; “Death Sentence”; Eng. trans. Judge Not—). These novels describe the cultural and economic conflicts experienced by eastern European Jewish immigrants in America.

stagecraft: Classical theatrical costume: The onkos, a high ornate headdress, crowned some masks, adding height and thus importance to the wearer.

Ethiopia: Winds of change: …also removed Ginbot 7, the Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF), and the OLF from its list of organizations deemed to be terrorist groups. In August the ONLF declared a cease-fire, and in October the government and the group signed a peace agreement that was intended to end the hostilities that…

auction: Internet auctions, first introduced in 1995, have transformed the way many goods are sold. On Web sites such as eBay, rare or obscure items, as well as ordinary or mundane ones, are auctioned to bidders who may be located anywhere in the world. The number…

Electronic banking is the use of computers, phones, and other technologies to facilitate banking transactions rather than through human interaction. Electronic banking includes features like electronic funds transfer (EFT) and mobile payments for retail purchases, automatic teller machines (ATMs),

encyclopaedia: Online encyclopaedias: In 1983 the Academic American Encyclopedia became the first encyclopaedia to be presented to a mass market online by the licensing of its text to commercial data networks, which eventually included CompuServe and Prodigy Information Service. Nine years later Compton’s Encyclopedia licensed its…

online gaming, electronic game playing over a computer network, particularly over the Internet. Electronic game worlds have generated billions of dollars, with millions of players around the world fighting, buying, crafting, and selling in a variety of online environments. One of the most populous

distance learning, form of education in which the main elements include physical separation of teachers and students during instruction and the use of various technologies to facilitate student-teacher and student-student communication. Distance learning traditionally has focused on nontraditional

online predator, individual who uses the Internet to commit sexual abuse or harassment, specifically of children and of teenagers younger than the legal age of consent. Each day about 500,000 online predators establish contact with and groom victims (that is, build relationships with victims to

newspaper: …world’s major newspapers began publishing online editions of their newspapers in the early 21st century. Although some newspaper publishers charged their readers for this access, many made their Web editions available for free, based on the expectation that advertising revenue, combined with lower printing and distribution costs, could make up…

computer: The graphical user interface: …remarkable demonstration of the “NLS” (oNLine System), which featured a keyboard and a mouse, a device he had invented that was used to select commands from a menu of choices shown on a display screen. The screen was divided into multiple windows, each able to display text—a single line…

Howard Hawks: Films of the mid-1930s of Howard Hawks: …served Hawks well again in Only Angels Have Wings (1939), an engaging adventure scripted by Jules Furthman about airmail pilots working at a remote station in South America. Grant and Jean Arthur, playing a stranded showgirl, provide the romance, while Rita Hayworth, in one of her first featured roles, injects…

troparion: …liturgy is “Ho Monogenēs” (“The Only Begotten Son”), believed to have been written by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I (reigned 527–565). See also Byzantine chant.

Alison Lurie: …miniseries 1987), Real People (1969), Only Children (1979), and The Truth About Lorin Jones (1988). A collection of ghost stories, Women and Ghosts, was published in 1994. The Last Resort (1998) follows a naturalist writer and his wife on a trip to Key West, where they encounter human vanity and…

George Stevens: Postwar films: Sun, Shane, and Giant: Stevens’s final film was The Only Game in Town (1970), adapted by Frank D. Gilroy from his play. The modest picture, with Warren Beatty and Taylor most appealing as small-time Las Vegas entertainers who try (and fail) to keep their affair casual, belatedly returned the director to the unadorned…

Jeff Bridges: …Golden Circle and the dramedy The Only Living Boy in New York (both 2017). He then played an Irish priest staying at a hotel that has a storied past in Bad Times at the El Royale (2018). In 2019 Bridges received the Cecil B. DeMille Award (a Golden Globe for…

Gene Pitney: …the Top Ten with “Only Love Can Break a Heart” (1962), “It Hurts to Be in Love” (1964), and “I’m Gonna Be Strong” (1964). As his career waned in the United States, Pitney enjoyed continued popularity in Europe. An Italian-language country album sold well in 1966, and he appeared…

Jim Jarmusch: …and his various contacts, and Only Lovers Left Alive (2013) was an atmospheric vampire thriller.

Selena Gomez: She returned to TV for Only Murders in the Building (2021– ), in which she costarred with Steve Martin and Martin Short as an unlikely crime-solving trio.

John Munonye: In The Only Son (1966), Munonye’s first novel, a widowed mother navigates traditional expectations for Igbo women as she raises her son, who then attends a Western-oriented school and converts to Christianity. Obi (1969), a sequel to The Only Son, broadens the theme to an extended…

Julian Barnes: In The Only Story (2018), Barnes explored memory and first love as a man looks back on his relationship with an older woman. In 2022 he published Elizabeth Finch, which centres on a man whose intellectual crush on one of his teachers has a lasting impact…

Jeff Bridges: He then appeared in Only the Brave (2017), a drama that chronicles the real-life efforts of a group of elite firefighters (the Granite Mountain Hotshots) to contain the Arizona wildfires during the summer of 2013. Bridges also had roles in the spy movie Kingsman: The Golden Circle and the…

Macaulay Culkin: Early life and work: He next appeared in Only the Lonely and costarred in the highly acclaimed My Girl, both released in 1991. Culkin returned to his star-making role as Kevin in Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992), which also performed well at the box office. Culkin’s next role, a dramatic…

Frank Sinatra: The Capitol years: …for Swingin’ Lovers! (1956), and Only the Lonely (1958)—are masterpieces.

Len Deighton: In Only When I Larf (1968), Deighton moved from the subject of spies to confidence tricksters. In the suspense novel Bomber (1970), he treated a misdirected bombing mission of World War II. In 1972, with Close-Up, Deighton abandoned the suspense theme and chose instead to explore…

Dato’ Onn bin Jaafar was a Malayan political figure who played a leading role in the Merdeka (independence) movement and the establishment of the Federation of Malaya, forerunner of the present country of Malaysia. Born in the sultanate of Johore (later the state of Johor), north of Singapore, Onn

Kaibara Ekken: To Kaibara is usually attributed Onna daigaku (“The Great Learning for Women”), long considered the most important ethical text for women in Japan, which advocates women’s obedience to their parents, parents-in-law, husband, and, if widowed, to their eldest son. Kaibara, however, treated his wife, Tōken, to whom he was happily…

Okuni: The popularity of onna (“women’s”) Kabuki remained high until women’s participation was officially banned in 1629 by the shogun (military ruler) Tokugawa Iemitsu, who thought that the sensuality of the dances had a deleterious effect on public morality. Not only were the dances considered suggestive, but the dancers…

hiragana, one of two sets of syllabic Japanese script. It is the set used to write Japanese grammatical particles as well as native Japanese words whose kanji (ideogram) is either obscure or nonextant. The other set, katakana, is largely reserved for scientific terms, official documents, and words

hiragana, one of two sets of syllabic Japanese script. It is the set used to write Japanese grammatical particles as well as native Japanese words whose kanji (ideogram) is either obscure or nonextant. The other set, katakana, is largely reserved for scientific terms, official documents, and words

Japanese performing arts: Tokugawa period: …Namboku wrote for the finest onnagata (female impersonator) of his time, Iwai Hanshirō V, and Mokuami wrote for Ichikawa Danjūrō IX and a remarkable actor of gangster roles, Ichikawa Kodanji IV. Each was a master of Kabuki art, and between them they added new dimensions to Kabuki’s stylized form. Namboku…

Enchi Fumiko: Masks) depicts, by invoking the various female masks used in the Noh dramas, different unhappy women. Enchi’s early background in Japanese classical literature is revealed in her allusions not only to the Noh plays but to the 11th-century classic Genji monogatari (The Tale of Genji).

Enchi Fumiko: The Waiting Years), an account of a woman of the Meiji period (1868–1912) who defers to all her husband’s wishes, even choosing mistresses for him. The novel, based in part on the life of Enchi’s grandmother, is beautifully written. It not only won Enchi a…

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes was a Dutch winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1913 for his work on low-temperature physics and his production of liquid helium. He discovered superconductivity, the almost total lack of electrical resistance in certain materials when cooled to a temperature near

Yoko Ono is a Japanese artist and musician who was an influential practitioner of conceptual and performance art in the 1960s and who became internationally famous as the wife and artistic partner of musician John Lennon. Ono was born into a wealthy family in Japan and grew up mostly in Tokyo,

ikebana: …Japan, Ikenobō, was founded by Ono no Imoko in the early 7th century. Based on a harmony of simple linear construction and an appreciation of the subtle beauty of flowers and natural material, ikebana has separated into several major schools according to historical periods and differing theories of artistic composition.…

Ono Tōfū was a Japanese calligrapher known as one of the Sanseki (“Three Brush Traces”), in effect the first calligraphers of the age. The others were Fujiwara Yukinari and Fujiwara Sukemasa, and the three perfected the style of writing called jōdai-yō (“ancient style”). Ono was the son of a high

Yoko Ono is a Japanese artist and musician who was an influential practitioner of conceptual and performance art in the 1960s and who became internationally famous as the wife and artistic partner of musician John Lennon. Ono was born into a wealthy family in Japan and grew up mostly in Tokyo,

plant reproductive system: Ferns: In Onoclea sensiblis, the gametophytes are unisexual in early development, thus favouring cross-fertilization, but later the gametophytes become bisexual so that, if cross-fertilization fails, the species can still be maintained.

fern: Annotated classification: Family Onocleaceae Plants in soil; rhizomes short- to long-creeping or erect (occasionally trunklike in Onocleopsis), scaly, sometimes with runners; leaves strongly dimorphic, the vegetative leaves one time pinnately compound, the leaflets sometimes deeply lobed, the fertile leaves one to three times pinnately compound, with contracted laminar…

Japanese performing arts: Meiji period: Thus, the actor Onoe Kikugorō V began acting in a series of contemporary plays, dressed in daily kimono or Western clothes and with his hair cut Western fashion (the origin of zangirimono, or the so-called “cropped-hair plays”), in the late 19th century. Western influence also was seen in…

Onoe Shōroku II, was a Japanese kabuki actor, one of the foremost interpreters of the classical kabuki plays, who specialized in female roles (all kabuki players are male). Yutaka Fujima made his debut at the age of five as Ushiwakamaru at the Teikoku Theatre in the kabuki drama Shusse Kagekiyo,

ancient Greek civilization: Macedonian supremacy in Greece: …leaders were Philomelus, followed by Onomarchus, Phayllus, and finally Phalaecus. The actual declaration of the Sacred War was delayed until 355, partly because it was only in that year that the relative impotence of one of Phocis’s hitherto most-impressive-looking allies, the Athenians, was revealed by the miserable end to the…

theatre: Visual and spatial aspects: …writer Vitruvius, and in the Onomasticon, of the 2nd century ce, by the Greek scholar Julius Pollux. As these treatises appeared several hundred years after classical theatre, however, the accuracy of their descriptions is questionable.

name: The science of onomastics: The science that studies names in all their aspects is called onomastics (or onomatology—an obsolete word). The subject of this science is broad because almost everything can have a name and because the study of names theoretically encompasses all languages, all…

Hesychius Of Miletus: His Onomatologos ē pinax tōn en paideia onomastōn (“Nomenclature, or Index of Famous Persons in Learning”) is significant for its biographical notices of notable Greek writers. In it the authors were classified as poets, philosophers, historians, orators-grammarians, medical men, and miscellaneous writers. In each category the…

onomatopoeia, the naming of a thing or action by a vocal imitation of the sound associated with it (such as buzz or hiss). Onomatopoeia may also refer to the use of words whose sound suggests the sense. This occurs frequently in poetry, where a line of verse can express a characteristic of the

Onomichi, city, southeastern Hiroshima ken (prefecture), western Honshu, Japan. It lies on the Inland Sea, just southwest of Fukuyama. The city’s port opened in 1168 and served for about 500 years as a rice shipment centre and port of call for trade with China. The port’s commercial significance

Onondaga, county, central New York state, U.S., bounded by the Oswego and Oneida rivers to the north, Oneida Lake to the northeast, De Ruyter Reservoir to the southeast, Skaneateles Lake to the southwest, and Cross Lake to the west. It comprises a marshy lowland in the north and a hilly plateau

Onondaga, tribe of Iroquoian-speaking North American Indians who lived in what is now the U.S. state of New York. The Onondaga traditionally inhabited villages of wood and bark longhouses occupied by related families. They moved these houses periodically to plant new fields, to seek fresh supplies

Poland: The Second Republic: …its fascist splinter party, the National Radical Camp; and the socialists all opposed the regime and achieved success in municipal elections. Socioeconomic tension was translated into peasant strikes in the countryside and riots in towns.

Lars Onsager was a Norwegian-born American chemist whose development of a general theory of irreversible chemical processes gained him the 1968 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. His early work in statistical mechanics attracted the attention of the Dutch chemist Peter Debye, under whose direction Onsager