Detroit: History of Detroit: Rick Snyder appointed Kevyn Orr, an attorney who had participated in the bankruptcy and restructuring of Chrysler in 2009, to be Detroit’s emergency manager. Orr was granted wide-ranging executive powers to deal with the city’s $19 billion debt, but he was unable to reach an agreement with the…

Bobby Orr is a Canadian American professional ice hockey player who was the first defenseman to lead the National Hockey League (NHL) in scoring. He is considered one of the sport’s greatest players. Orr came to the attention of Boston Bruin scouts when he was 12, and he was signed to a junior

John Boyd Orr, Baron Boyd-Orr of Brechin Mearns was a Scottish scientist and authority on nutrition, winner of the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1949. Boyd-Orr received a scholarship to attend the University of Glasgow, where he enrolled in a teacher-training program and was a student of theology. As

Roncesvalles, village, Navarra provincia (province) and comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), northern Spain. It lies 3,220 feet (981 metres) above sea level in the Pyrenees, northeast of Pamplona and near the French frontier. It is known in relation to the Pass of Roncesvalles, or Puerto de

Orrefors glass, fine 20th-century glass produced by a glasshouse at Orrefors in the south of Sweden. In 1916 and 1917 the Orrefors glasshouse hired the painters Simon Gate and Edvard Hald, respectively, to become the first artists engaged directly in glass design. One of their innovations was Graal

orrery, mechanical model of the solar system used to demonstrate the motions of the planets about the Sun, probably invented by George Graham (d. 1751) under the patronage of Charles Boyle, 4th Earl of Orrery. In use for several centuries, the device was formerly called a planetarium. The orrery

Roger Boyle, 1st earl of Orrery was an Irish magnate and author prominent during the English Civil Wars, Commonwealth, and Restoration periods. Boyle took the Parliamentary side in the Civil Wars and became a confidential adviser of Oliver Cromwell; yet, when Charles II was restored to the throne

Roger Boyle, 1st earl of Orrery was an Irish magnate and author prominent during the English Civil Wars, Commonwealth, and Restoration periods. Boyle took the Parliamentary side in the Civil Wars and became a confidential adviser of Oliver Cromwell; yet, when Charles II was restored to the throne

orris oil, yellowish semisolid fragrant essential oil obtained from the rhizomes of the Florentine iris (Iris germanica). Orris oil has a warm violetlike odour and is used in perfumes and lotions. Although the oil was once popular in candies, soft drinks, and gelatin desserts, its use in edible

orris oil, yellowish semisolid fragrant essential oil obtained from the rhizomes of the Florentine iris (Iris germanica). Orris oil has a warm violetlike odour and is used in perfumes and lotions. Although the oil was once popular in candies, soft drinks, and gelatin desserts, its use in edible

Iridaceae: Major genera and species: Members of Iris also yield orrisroot (a substance used in the manufacture of perfumes, soaps, powders, and dentifrices).

hominin: …authorities place the genera Ardipithecus, Orrorin, and Kenyanthropus in Hominini. Some characteristics that have distinguished hominins from other primates, living and extinct, are their erect posture, bipedal locomotion, larger brains, and behavioral characteristics such as specialized tool use and, in some cases, communication through language.

Australopithecus: Early species and Australopithecus anamensis: …been established in the six-million-year-old Orrorin tugenensis, a pre-Australopithecus found in the Tugen Hills near Lake Baringo in central Kenya. In 2001 these fossils were described as the earliest known hominin. O. tugenensis is primitive in most if not all of its anatomy, except for femurs (thighbones) that appear to…

Jean Orry was a French economist whose broad financial and governmental reforms in early 18th-century Spain helped to further the implementation of centralized and uniform administration in that country. Louis XIV of France, whose grandson had just succeeded to the Spanish throne as Philip V

Orsha, city, eastern Belarus. It lies on the Dnieper River about 60 miles (100 km) southwest of Smolensk, Russia. First mentioned in 1067, Orsha has always been a major focus of trade routes and has frequently been attacked and destroyed. During World War II the city came under German occupation

Donatello: Early career: …niches on the exterior of Orsanmichele, the church of Florentine guilds (St. George has been replaced by a copy; the original is now in the Museo Nazionale del Bargello). Here, for the first time since Classical antiquity and in striking contrast to medieval art, the human body is rendered as…

Musée d’Orsay, national museum of fine and applied arts in Paris that features work mainly from France between 1848 and 1914. Its collection includes painting, sculpture, photography, and decorative arts and boasts such iconic works as Gustave Courbet’s The Artist’s Studio (1854–55), Édouard

Marguerite Gardiner, countess of Blessington: …by the young count d’Orsay, who married the earl’s daughter by his first wife. They spent two months in Genoa with Byron and lived in Italy and then in France until the earl’s death in May 1829. Their extravagant tastes had drained his fortune, and the countess, returning to…

orchil, a violet dye obtained from some lichens by fermentation. It is also the term for any lichen that yields orchil (Roccella, Lecanora, Ochrolechin, and Evernia) and refers to any colour obtained from this

Brian Boitano: His loss to Canadian Brian Orser at the 1987 World Championships pushed Boitano to incorporate more artistry into his programs. In order to do this, he worked with choreographer Sandra Bezic, a former Canadian pairs champion and world competitor. At the 1988 Winter Games in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Boitano…

Orsha, city, eastern Belarus. It lies on the Dnieper River about 60 miles (100 km) southwest of Smolensk, Russia. First mentioned in 1067, Orsha has always been a major focus of trade routes and has frequently been attacked and destroyed. During World War II the city came under German occupation

Mollie Orshansky was an American statistician who in the 1960s developed U.S. federal poverty thresholds that determined eligibility for many federal and state aid programs and that helped shape broader social policies. Orshansky was one of seven daughters of Ukrainian immigrants and the first in

Paolo Orsi was an archaeologist who pioneered in the excavation and research of sites, from the prehistoric to the Byzantine, in Sicily and southern Italy. A large part of present knowledge of Sicilian art and civilization, especially in the Siculan (pre-Greek) period, is the result of Orsi’s work.

garden and landscape design: Italian: …with, though detached from, the Orsini Castle at Bomarzo is a remarkable aberration probably influenced by accounts of visits to the Far East by a locally born traveller, Biagio Sinibaldi. Its original layout consisted of a grove in which were concealed the stone giants and strange monsters that now astonish…

Orsini Family, one of the oldest, most illustrious, and for centuries most powerful of the Roman princely families. Their origins, when stripped of legend, can be traced back to a certain Ursus de Paro, recorded at Rome in 998. They first became important in the late 12th century with the election

Felice Orsini was an Italian nationalist revolutionary and conspirator who tried to assassinate the French emperor Napoleon III. A follower of the Italian revolutionary leader Giuseppe Mazzini, Orsini participated in the uprisings in Rome in 1848–49, thereafter serving as Mazzini’s agent in

Nicholas III was the pope from 1277 to 1280. Of noble birth, he was made cardinal in 1244 by Pope Innocent IV and protector of the Franciscans in 1261 by Pope Urban IV. After a colourful and celebrated service in the Curia, he was elected pope on Nov. 25, 1277, and initiated an administrative

Marina Orsini is a Canadian television and film actress, best known for her work in the series Lance et Compte (He Shoots! He Scores!). Orsini began a modeling career at age 15 but was intent on a television or film career. In 1985 she auditioned for a role in the television series Lance et Compte,

Benedict XIII was the pope from 1724 to 1730. Entering the Dominican order in 1667, Orsini taught philosophy at Brescia, Venetian Republic, before Pope Clement X made him cardinal in 1672. He was successively archbishop of Manfredonia (1675), of Cesena (1680), and of Benevento (1686). He had taken

Taviani brothers: …writing and staging plays with Valentino Orsini. Inspired by Roberto Rossellini’s Neorealist film Paisà, they began to study and work in cinema. Their first efforts, often undertaken in collaboration with Orsini, were a series of documentaries on a variety of subjects. Un uomo da bruciare (1962; A Man for the…

Twelfth Night: …enters the service of Duke Orsino, who thinks he is in love with the lady Olivia. Orsino sends Viola-Cesario to plead his cause to Olivia, who promptly falls in love with the messenger. Viola, meanwhile, is in love with Orsino, and, when her twin, Sebastian, is rediscovered, many comic situations…

Orsk, city, Orenburg oblast (region), western Russia. It lies about 150 miles (240 km) south of Magnitogorsk at the confluence of the Ural and Or rivers. It was founded in 1735 as the fortress of Orenburg, which was moved downriver in 1743. Orsk is now a major industrial centre, with a large oil

Venice: Origin of the city: …elected doge, or duke, was Orso, chosen in an anti-Byzantine military declaration in 727, but he was succeeded by Byzantine officials until about 751, when the exarchate of Ravenna came to an end. There followed decades of internal political strife among various settlements vying for supremacy and between pro- and…

Osuna, town, Sevilla provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, southern Spain. Osuna lies at the foot of a hill at the edge of an extensive plain, east-southeast of Sevilla city. Of Iberian origin, the town became the Roman Urso and supported Pompey

Hans Christian Ørsted was a Danish physicist and chemist who discovered that electric current in a wire can deflect a magnetized compass needle, a phenomenon the importance of which was rapidly recognized and which inspired the development of electromagnetic theory. In 1806 Ørsted became a

Poland: Foreign affairs: …only a major victory at Orsza in 1514 averted a catastrophe. The victory allowed Sigismund I to detach the Habsburgs from Moscow through the Vienna accords of 1515. Providing for dynastic marriages, the accords opened the way for Habsburg succession in Bohemia and Hungary should the Jagiellonians die out. Eleven…

Hviezdoslav was one of the most powerful and versatile of Slovak poets. Hviezdoslav was a lawyer until he became able to devote himself to literature. He originally wrote in Hungarian and was a Hungarian patriot, but in the 1860s he switched both activities to Slovak. By the time of his death the

Boris Berezovsky: …state airline, Aeroflot, and of Russian Public Television (ORT), Russia’s main television channel.

oral rehydration therapy (ORT), treatment consisting of a salt-and-sugar-based solution taken orally to treat dehydration from diarrhea. The salts can be prepackaged and typically include a combination of sodium, glucose, potassium, and citrate to be mixed with clean water. Oral rehydration therapy

ört, in Finno-Ugric religion, a shape or shadow that corresponds to the individual soul. The Mari people believe that the ört is “free”—i.e., it can leave the body and wander about during dreams or trance states. The concept of a free soul is common to all Finno-Ugric peoples. The Votyak urt and

Lake Orta, lake in Novara and Verbano-Cusio-Ossola provincie, Piemonte (Piedmont) regione, northwestern Italy, just west of Lake Maggiore, from which it is divided by Mount Mottarone. About 8 miles (13 km) long and 0.75 mile (1.2 km) wide, it has an area of 7 square miles (18 square km). Its

Lake Orta, lake in Novara and Verbano-Cusio-Ossola provincie, Piemonte (Piedmont) regione, northwestern Italy, just west of Lake Maggiore, from which it is divided by Mount Mottarone. About 8 miles (13 km) long and 0.75 mile (1.2 km) wide, it has an area of 7 square miles (18 square km). Its

chachalaca, any of several small birds of the curassow family. See

curassow: Typical is the plain chachalaca (Ortalis vetula), a 50-cm species, ranging from the Texas border to Nicaragua. Weighing about 0.5 kg (1 pound), it is brownish with a long, green-glossed, white-tipped tail. At dawn and sundown, flocks call together from the treetops with a regular, almost metronomic beat.

Islamic arts: Ortaoyunu: The ortaoyunu (middle show) was the first type of genuine theatre the Turks, and possibly other Muslim peoples, ever had. The Ottoman sultans provided subsidies for ortaoyunu companies of actors, who consequently became generally accepted; also some were retained by the princes of the…

Amancio Ortega is a Spanish fashion executive and founding chairman (1985) of the Spanish clothing merchandiser Inditex (Industria de Diseño Textil, SA), which included the Zara chain store. As a youth in A Coruña, in northwestern Spain, Ortega gained an entry into the garment business by working

Daniel Ortega is a Nicaraguan guerrilla leader, member of the Sandinista junta that took power in 1979, and the elected president of Nicaragua (1984–90, 2007– ). Son of a veteran of the peasant army of César Augusto Sandino, Ortega moved with his family to Managua in the mid-1950s. He briefly

José Ortega y Gasset was a philosopher and humanist who greatly influenced the cultural and literary renaissance of Spain in the 20th century. Ortega y Gasset studied at Madrid University (1898–1904) and in Germany (1904–08) and was influenced by the neo-Kantian philosophical school at Marburg. As

Amancio Ortega is a Spanish fashion executive and founding chairman (1985) of the Spanish clothing merchandiser Inditex (Industria de Diseño Textil, SA), which included the Zara chain store. As a youth in A Coruña, in northwestern Spain, Ortega gained an entry into the garment business by working

Daniel Ortega is a Nicaraguan guerrilla leader, member of the Sandinista junta that took power in 1979, and the elected president of Nicaragua (1984–90, 2007– ). Son of a veteran of the peasant army of César Augusto Sandino, Ortega moved with his family to Managua in the mid-1950s. He briefly

Domingo Ortega was a Spanish matador noted for his daring and for his contribution to the literature of bullfighting. Ortega came from a family of labourers and began bullfighting in 1928. He first appeared as a matador on March 8, 1931, and continued to fight for more than 20 years. He was one of

Jenna Ortega is an American actress who began her career as a child actor, starring in such Disney Channel shows as Stuck in the Middle (2016–18), and later went on to gain international fame with the lead role in the hit Netflix series Wednesday (2022– ). Ortega often discussed her Mexican and

Jenna Ortega is an American actress who began her career as a child actor, starring in such Disney Channel shows as Stuck in the Middle (2016–18), and later went on to gain international fame with the lead role in the hit Netflix series Wednesday (2022– ). Ortega often discussed her Mexican and

Joselito was a Spanish matador, considered one of the greatest of all time. With Juan Belmonte he revolutionized the art of bullfighting in the second decade of the 20th century. Joselito came from a family of bullfighters and was the youngest man ever to receive the title of matador (October

SpaceShipOne: Inspired by the Orteig Prize won by Charles Lindbergh for his solo flight across the Atlantic in 1927, which was sponsored by American hotel owner Raymond Orteig, the $10 million Ansari X Prize was sponsored by Iranian-born American entrepreneurs Anousheh and Amir Ansari and was offered to the…

SpaceShipOne: …sponsored by American hotel owner Raymond Orteig, the $10 million Ansari X Prize was sponsored by Iranian-born American entrepreneurs Anousheh and Amir Ansari and was offered to the first private enterprise that successfully completed two piloted flights with the equivalent weight of two passengers to the boundary of space in…

Abraham Ortelius was a Flemish cartographer and dealer in maps, books, and antiquities, who published the first modern atlas, Theatrum orbis terrarum (1570; “Theatre of the World”). Trained as an engraver, Ortelius about 1554 set up his book and antiquary business. About 1560, under the influence

Abraham Ortelius was a Flemish cartographer and dealer in maps, books, and antiquities, who published the first modern atlas, Theatrum orbis terrarum (1570; “Theatre of the World”). Trained as an engraver, Ortelius about 1554 set up his book and antiquary business. About 1560, under the influence

Czech Republic: Literature of the Czech Republic: …brief life and work of Jiří Orten is an outstanding example of his tragic generation.

ancient Greek civilization: The early tyrannies: At Sicyon the Orthagorid tyranny, whose most splendid member was the early 6th-century Cleisthenes, may have exploited the anti-Dorianism already noted as a permanent constituent of the mentality of some Greeks; but since the relevant action—a renaming of tribes—falls in the time of Cleisthenes himself, it is no…

television: Electron tubes: …improved tubes such as the Orthicon, the Image Orthicon, and the Vidicon. The operation of the camera tube is based on the photoconductive properties of certain materials and on electron beam scanning. These principles can be illustrated by a description of the Vidicon, one of the most enduring and versatile…

lamp shells: Annotated classification: Order Orthida Usually biconvex, wide-hinged, with interareas in both valves; teeth deltidiodont (leave a growth path along margin of pedicle opening); hinge structures consist of brachiophores (supporting structures), shell substance punctate or impunctate—i.e., with or without pits; more than 200 genera; Early Cambrian through Permian. Order…

carborane: Reactions and synthesis of carboranes: …isomers are often simply called ortho-, meta-, and para-carborane.

cross-cousin: …are parallel cousins (sometimes called ortho-cousins); and the children of a father’s sister or of a mother’s brother are cross-cousins.

cresol: …formula but having different structures: ortho- (o-) cresol, meta- (m-) cresol, and para- (p-) cresol.

hydrogen: Ortho-hydrogen and para-hydrogen: Two types of molecular hydrogen (ortho and para) are known. These differ in the magnetic interactions of the protons due to the spinning motions of the protons. In ortho-hydrogen, the spins of both protons are aligned in the same direction—that is, they…

salicylic acid, a white, crystalline solid that is used chiefly in the preparation of aspirin and other pharmaceutical products. The free acid occurs naturally in small amounts in many plants, particularly the various species of Spiraea. The methyl ester also occurs widely in nature; it is the

saccharin, organic compound employed as a non-nutritive sweetening agent. It occurs as insoluble saccharin or in the form of various salts, primarily sodium and calcium. Saccharin has about 200–700 times the sweetening power of granulated sugar and has a slightly bitter and metallic aftertaste. For

chemical industry: Xylene: Ortho-xylene is used mostly to produce phthalic anhydride, an important intermediate that leads principally to various coatings and plastics. The least valued of the isomers is meta-xylene, but it has uses in the manufacture of coatings and plastics. Para-xylene leads to polyesters, which reach the…

boric acid, (H3BO3), white crystalline, oxygen-bearing acid of boron found in certain minerals and volcanic waters or hot springs (see

sedimentary rock: Clast-supported conglomerates: Clast-supported conglomerates (and orthobreccias) are deposited by highly turbulent water. For example, beach deposits commonly contain lenses and bands of oligomictic orthoconglomerate, composed mainly (95 percent or more) of stable, resistant, coarse clasts of vein quartz, quartzite, quartz sandstone, and chert. Such deposits are typically generated in the…

bunyavirus: …bunyavirus family contains five genera: Orthobunyavirus, Phlebovirus, Nairovirus, Tospovirus, and Hantavirus. Most of these viruses are transmitted by arthropods (e.g., ticks, mosquitoes, and sand flies) and cause

cephalopod: Evolution and paleontology: The primitive elongate shell of Orthoceras became unmanageable and coiling resulted, as in the Gastropoda.

sedimentary rock: …rocks and (2) allochemical and orthochemical sedimentary rocks.

motion-picture technology: Introduction of colour: …filter to a bi-pack of orthochromatic and panchromatic films with their emulsion surfaces in contact. The orthochromatic film became the blue record. As it was insensitive to red light, the orthochromatic film passed the red rays to the panchromatic film. A 1938 improvement added red-orange dye to the orthochromatic film…

orthoclase, common alkali feldspar mineral, a potassium aluminosilicate (KAlSi3O8); it usually occurs as variously coloured, frequently twinned crystals in granite. Orthoclase is used in the manufacture of glass and ceramics; occasionally, transparent crystals are cut as gems. Orthoclase is

sedimentary rock: Epiclastic conglomerates and breccias: …into two specific categories: (1) clast-supported conglomerates (and breccias) and (2) matrix-supported conglomerates.

orthodontics, division of dentistry dealing with the prevention and correction of irregularities of the teeth—generally entailing the straightening of crooked teeth or the correcting of a poor bite, or malocclusion (physiologically unacceptable contact of opposing dentition, which may be caused by

orthodox, (from Greek orthodoxos, “of the right opinion”), true doctrine and its adherents as opposed to heterodox or heretical doctrines and their adherents. The word was first used in early 4th-century Christianity by the Greek Fathers. Because almost every Christian group believes that it holds

Eastern Orthodoxy, one of the three major doctrinal and jurisdictional groups of Christianity. It is characterized by its continuity with the apostolic church, its liturgy, and its territorial churches. Its adherents live mainly in the Balkans, the Middle East, and former Soviet countries. Eastern

Eastern Orthodoxy, one of the three major doctrinal and jurisdictional groups of Christianity. It is characterized by its continuity with the apostolic church, its liturgy, and its territorial churches. Its adherents live mainly in the Balkans, the Middle East, and former Soviet countries. Eastern

Orthodox Church in America, ecclesiastically independent, or autocephalous, church of the Eastern Orthodox communion, recognized as such by its mother church in Russia; it adopted its present name on April 10, 1970. Established in 1794 in Alaska, then Russian territory, the Russian Orthodox mission

Albania: From Illyria to Albania: Iconoclastic Controversy, detached the Albanian church from the Roman pope and placed it under the patriarch of Constantinople. When the Christian church split in 1054 between the East and Rome, southern Albania retained its tie to Constantinople while northern Albania reverted to the jurisdiction of Rome. This split in…

Nestorius: …was an early bishop of Constantinople whose views on the nature and person of Christ led to the calling of the Council of Ephesus in 431 and to Nestorianism, one of the major Christian heresies. A few small Nestorian churches still exist.

Orthodox Church of Czechoslovakia, autocephalous, or ecclesiastically independent, member of the Eastern Orthodox communion, created in 1951 by the patriarchate of Moscow. There was no unified Orthodox organization in Czechoslovakia before World War II. In the 19th century some Czechs formed an

Orthodox Church of Finland, Eastern Orthodox church, recognized as the second state church of Finland. Most of the Orthodox Finns were originally from Karelia, the southeastern part of Finland that was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940, which was Christianized by Russian monks in the 12th

Church of Greece, the established church of Greece, and one of the most important autocephalous, or ecclesiastically independent, churches of the Eastern Orthodox communion. During the Byzantine Empire and the subsequent Turkish occupation of Greece, the Christian church in Greece was under the

Orthodox Church of Poland, ecclesiastically independent member of the Eastern Orthodox communion, established in 1924 to accommodate the four million Orthodox Christians residing in the vast Ukrainian and Byelorussian territories acquired by Poland after World War I. As the new political situation

Romanian Orthodox Church, the largest autocephalous, or ecclesiastically independent, Eastern Orthodox church in the Balkans today. It is the church to which the majority of Romanians belong, and in the late 20th century it had a membership of more than 16 million. Christianity first reached Dacia

Orthodox Church of Ukraine, autocephalous, or ecclesiastically independent, member of the Eastern Orthodox communion, whose split from the Russian Orthodox Church was affirmed by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople in 2019. The predominant religion in Ukraine, practiced by almost half the

catechism: …the Orthodox, Peter Mogila composed The Orthodox Confession of Faith. It was approved at a provincial synod in 1640 and standardized by the synod of Jerusalem in 1672. By order of the Russian tsar Peter I the Great, a smaller Orthodox catechism was prepared in 1723.

Macarius Bulgakov: …among Macarius’ extensive works is Orthodox Dogmatic Theology, 6 vol. (1847–53). Condensed to three volumes and bound as a single handbook in 1868, the work became a popular student manual. Macarius was influenced by the positive, or historical, theology of Giovanni Perrone and other 19th-century Roman Catholic writers. While closely…

Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America, official federation of Jewish Orthodox synagogues in the United States and Canada; its counterpart organization for rabbis is the Rabbinical Council of America. The union was established in New York City in 1898 to foster Orthodox beliefs and

Orthodox Judaism, the religion of those Jews who adhere most strictly to traditional beliefs and practices. Jewish Orthodoxy resolutely refuses to accept the position of Reform Judaism that the Bible and other sacred Jewish writings contain not only eternally valid moral principles but also

Six Masters of the early Qing period, Group of major Chinese artists who worked in the 17th and early 18th centuries (Qing dynasty). Also known as “orthodox masters,” they continued the tradition of the scholar-painter, following the injunctions of the artist-critic Dong Qichang late in the Ming

John Gresham Machen: …of America, which became the Orthodox Presbyterian Church in 1939. Machen was a major theological voice in support of conservative Christianity.

Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the United States and Canada, Orthodox Jewish organization founded in New York City in 1902 to foster traditional Orthodox practices, including strict observance of the sabbath and the dietary laws (kashruth). The union also hopes to insure that Orthodox Jews within

mosaic: Early Christian mosaics: …his fellow apostles in the Baptistery of the Orthodox, Ravenna (c. 450). But the designer’s mastery and sophistication are nowhere more overwhelmingly illustrated than in the glowing interior of the so-called Mausoleum of Galla Placidia (c. 450) at Ravenna, with its blue star-filled mosaic dome, and in the decoration of…

Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality, in Russian history, slogan created in 1832 by Count Sergey S. Uvarov, minister of education 1833–49, that came to represent the official ideology of the imperial government of Nicholas I (reigned 1825–55) and remained the guiding principle behind government

Feast of Orthodoxy, feast celebrated on the first Sunday of Lent by the Eastern Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholics of the Byzantine Rite to commemorate the return of icons (sacred images) to the churches (843) and the end of the long iconoclastic controversy. Fear of idolatry had led to an