Edwin O. Reischauer was an American historian, diplomat, and educator and a leading expert on Asian, particularly Japanese, affairs. Reischauer was born in Japan to American missionary parents. Living there until the age of 17, he gained complete fluency in the Japanese language, as well as an

Mount Halti, highest mountain in Finland, rising to 4,357 feet (1,328 metres) at the extreme northwestern tip of Finnish Lapland on the Norwegian border. The peak is located in Finland’s only true mountain range, the Haltia (Halddia in

Eggert Ólafsson: …work Reise igiennem Island (1772; Travels in Iceland) records a scientific and cultural survey he carried out in 1752–57. Travels in Iceland gives a comprehensive description of the country and its people.

Maximilian, prince zu Wied-Neuwied: (1839–41; Travels in the Interior of North America). An English translation of parts of his field journal was published in People of the First Man: Life Among the Plains Indians in Their Final Days of Glory (1976).

Alfred Döblin: …his Reise in Polen (1926; Journey to Poland) is a stimulating travel account. Döblin recounted his flight from France in 1940 and his observations of postwar Germany in the book Schicksalsreise (1949; Destiny’s Journey).

Georg Forster: …Forster’s account of the journey, A Voyage Towards the South Pole and Round the World (1777), was based on his father’s journals; it later appeared in a German version, Reise um die Welt (1778–80). A work of travel, science, and literature, the book not only established Forster as one of…

Heinrich Heine: Early works: …four volumes of Reisebilder (1826–31; Pictures of Travel); the whimsical amalgam of its fact and fiction, autobiography, social criticism, and literary polemic was widely imitated by other writers in subsequent years. Some of the pieces were drawn from a journey to England Heine made in 1827 and a trip to…

Johann Schiltberger: …was a German nobleman whose Reisebuch (“Travel Book”), describing his journeys through areas now chiefly within the Transcaucasian region and Russia, offers an important record of medieval times.

Zero, fighter aircraft, a single-seat, low-wing monoplane used with great effect by the Japanese during World War II. Designed by Horikoshi Jiro, it was the first carrier-based fighter capable of besting its land-based opponents. It was designed to specifications written in 1937, was first tested

Ernst Moritz Arndt: …impressions of this journey in Reisen durch einen Theil Deutschlands, Ungarns, Italiens, und Frankreichs in den Jahren 1798/99, 6 vol. (1801–04; “A Journey Through Parts of Germany, Hungary, Italy, and France in the Years 1798–99”).

Zero, fighter aircraft, a single-seat, low-wing monoplane used with great effect by the Japanese during World War II. Designed by Horikoshi Jiro, it was the first carrier-based fighter capable of besting its land-based opponents. It was designed to specifications written in 1937, was first tested

Heinrich Barth: His four large volumes, Reisen und Entdeckungen in Nord- und Central-Afrika in den Jahren 1849 bis 1855 (1857–58; “Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa in the Years 1849–1855”), remain one of the most comprehensive works on the area and contain an immense amount of anthropological, historical, and…

Yiddish literature: The classic writers: Abraham Reisen wrote politically engaged poetry and prose, expressing his socialist sympathies both directly and indirectly. His short stories excel in subtly portraying everyday conflicts in the lives of indigent Jews. A friend of Reisen, H.D. (Hersh David) Nomberg, also achieved some renown early in…

Justinus Andreas Christian Kerner: His first book, Reiseschatten: von dem Schattenspieler Luchs (1811; “Travel Shadows: Of the Shadow Player Luchs”), is characterized by a typically Romantic mixture of poetry and prose, seriousness and humour. The first collection of his Gedichte (“Poems”) in 1826 reveals an uncharacteristic melancholy and mystic longing for death.…

Hermann Alexander, Graf von Keyserling: …Das Reisetagebuch eines Philosophen (1919; The Travel Diary of a Philosopher). Keyserling’s approach to philosophy was essentially nonacademic, and his ideas, which centred on the theme of spiritual regeneration, were often platitudinous or obscure. His other works include: Unsterblichkeit (1907; Immortality), Schöpferische Erkenntnis (1922; Creative Understanding), Wiedergeburt (1927; The Recovery…

Johann Jakob Reiske was a preeminent 18th-century European scholar of Arabic literature whose commentary to his Abulfedae Annales Moslemici, 5 vol. (1754; “Abulfeda Muslim Annals”), laid the foundation for Arabic historical scholarship. Reiske was esteemed by his sovereign Frederick the Great, by

George Andrew Reisner was a U.S. archaeologist who directed many excavations in Egypt and Nubia (Nilotic Sudan) and discovered the tomb of Queen Hetepheres, mother of King Khufu (Cheops), builder of the Great Pyramid at Giza. Reisner served with an international group of experts in classifying the

Cotopaxi: …the German scientist and traveler Wilhelm Reiss succeeded in reaching the top on November 28, and in May of the following year A. Stübel was also successful. Cotopaxi and its surrounding grasslands are protected in Cotopaxi National Park, a major tourist attraction.

Winold Reiss was a German-born American artist known for his portraits of Native Americans and African Americans. Reiss was deeply influenced by travels through his native German countryside with his father, a painter who made portraits of peasants. He attended art school in Munich, Germany, where

human ear: Structure of the cochlea: …is formed by the transparent vestibular membrane (or Reissner membrane), which consists of only two layers of flattened cells. A low ridge, the spiral limbus, rests on the margin of the osseous spiral lamina. The Reissner membrane stretches from the inner margin of the limbus to the upper border of…

history of film: Great Britain: …Social Realist, movement signaled by Reisz’s Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (1960), the first British postwar feature with a working-class protagonist and proletarian themes. Stylistically influenced by the New Wave, with which it was concurrent, the Social Realist film was generally shot in black and white on location in the…

reactive arthritis, disorder characterized primarily by joint pain that also sometimes affects the eyes, urogenital tract, and skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The cause of reactive arthritis is unclear, but symptoms typically are triggered by a sexually transmitted disease or

Richard Rogers: …to deliver the annual BBC Reith Lectures, a series of radio talks; these were later published as Cities for a Small Planet (1997). Rogers was knighted in 1991 and was made a life peer in 1996. In 2008 he was made a member of the Order of the Companions of…

John Charles Walsham Reith, 1st Baron Reith was a principal architect of the modern pattern of publicly owned but independent corporations in Great Britain. During World War I Reith was engaged in the United States with the supply of munitions to the United Kingdom. As general manager of the

John Charles Walsham Reith, 1st Baron Reith was a principal architect of the modern pattern of publicly owned but independent corporations in Great Britain. During World War I Reith was engaged in the United States with the supply of munitions to the United Kingdom. As general manager of the

harvest mouse: American harvest mice: The 20 species of American harvest mice are widespread, being found from southern Canada to northern South America at elevations ranging from below sea level to above the timberline in the northern Andes Mountains. They live in prairies, grassy fields with shrubs…

harvest mouse: American harvest mice: One, the salt-marsh harvest mouse (R. raviventris), lives only in the tidal salt marshes surrounding San Francisco Bay in California and is listed as an endangered species under federal and state laws. American harvest mice are nocturnal and are active all year. Although terrestrial, they are excellent…

Veneti: …centre of their important divinity Reitia, possibly a goddess of childbirth. The horses bred in Venetia were famous in the Greek world, and there was other commerce both with Greek lands and with the Alps and northern Europe, including some control of the amber route from the Baltic. The Veneti…

Ghostbusters: …was produced and directed by Ivan Reitman and written by Dan Aykroyd and Harold Ramis. Combining elements of science fiction and horror, Ghostbusters brought together the irreverent sensibility of the late-night sketch-comedy television show Saturday Night Live (SNL) and the spectacular pleasures of the action-adventure films of

J.K. Simmons: Simmons appeared in Jason Reitman’s satiric film Thank You for Smoking (2005), and he portrayed the father of the title character in Reitman’s Juno (2007).

Real estate investing goes beyond your home.As far as real estate platitudes go, “Buy land—they’re not making it anymore” might apply to you as an individual homeowner, or perhaps as the owner of a rental property or two, but what about the commercial real estate market? Most of us can’t swipe the

Hanna Reitsch was the leading female aviator and German pilot in the 20th century. (Read Orville Wright’s 1929 biography of his brother, Wilbur.) Reitsch originally trained in the 1930s as a flying missionary. She became the first German woman to win a captain’s license, the first female helicopter

Saturn: Observations from Earth: …1978 by the American astronomer Harold Reitsema, who used measurements of an eclipse of the moon Iapetus by the rings to improve on normal Earth-based resolution.

Mark Rydell: The entertaining The Reivers (1969), which was based on William Faulkner’s comic (and final) novel, starred Steve McQueen as a high-spirited handyman who takes a young boy (Mitch Vogel) and a friend (Rupert Crosse) on a car ride to Memphis. Far less lively was The Cowboys (1972),…

William Faulkner: Later life and works of William Faulkner: …of male maturation he called The Reivers and appropriately subtitled “A Reminiscence.” A month later he was dead, of a heart attack, at the age of 64, his health undermined by his drinking and by too many falls from horses too big for him.

Juan Goytisolo: …del Conde don Julián (1970; Count Julian), which is considered his masterwork, experiments with transforming the Spanish language, seen as a tool of political power. The novel excoriates Spain for its hypocrisy and cruelty. The trilogy concludes with Juan sin tierra (1975; Juan the Landless).

Reiwa period, in Japan, the imperial reign period that began on May 1, 2019, following the abdication of Emperor Akihito and the elevation of his son Naruhito to the Chrysanthemum Throne. The two ideograms (kanji) constituting the period’s reign name (gengō) are rei (meaning “order” or

Reiyū-kai, (Japanese: Association of the Friends of the Spirit), Japanese lay religion based on the teachings of the Nichiren school of Buddhism. The Reiyū-kai was founded in 1925 by Kubo Kakutarō, a carpenter, and Kotani Kimi, who took over its leadership in 1944 on the death of Kubo. It achieved

Reizei Tamechika was a Japanese painter of the late Tokugawa period (1603–1867) whose talent and efforts contributed a great deal to the revival of the traditional Yamato-e (paintings stressing Japanese themes and techniques as against the Kara-e, a style under strong Chinese influence). Reizei was

Elmer Rice was an American playwright, director, and novelist noted for his innovative and polemical plays. Rice graduated from the New York Law School in 1912 but soon turned to writing plays. His first work, the melodramatic On Trial (1914), was the first play to employ on stage the

Melanie Klein was an Austrian-born British psychoanalyst known for her work with young children, in which observations of free play provided insights into the child’s unconscious fantasy life, enabling her to psychoanalyze children as young as two or three years of age. The youngest child of a

Polish literature: The Renaissance period: Mikołaj Rej of Nagłowice was notable for combining medieval religious interests with Renaissance humanism. Self-educated, he was the first idiomatically Polish talent and a widely read writer of his time. He is known as “the father of Polish literature.” He wrote satirical poems and epigrams,…

metalwork: Spain: …are the monumental screens (rejas) found in all the great cathedrals of Spain. These immense structures, rising 25 to 30 feet (7.5 to nine metres) show several horizontal bands, or tiers, of balusters, sometimes divided vertically by columns of hammered work and horizontally by friezes of hammered arabesque ornament.…

Rejang, tribe inhabiting Bengkulu province, southern Sumatra, Indonesia, on the upper course of the Musi River. Of Proto-Malay stock and numbering about 238,000 in the late 20th century, they speak a Malayo-Polynesian dialect called Rejang, whose written form is of Indian origin, predating

Rejang: …speak a Malayo-Polynesian dialect called Rejang, whose written form is of Indian origin, predating Islāmization and its introduction of Arabic characters. Organized into four major patriclans having a common mythical origin, the Rejang belong to localized, kin-based communities. In addition, village communities, each led by an elected headman, today belong…

Horace Smith: …(with an older brother, James) Rejected Addresses; or, The New Theatrum Poetarum (1812), a collection of parodies of early 19th-century British writers that is considered a classic in the literature of parody.

transplant: Rejection: Humans possess complex defense mechanisms against bacteria, viruses, and other foreign materials that enter the body. These mechanisms, which collectively make up the immune system, cannot, unfortunately, differentiate between disease-causing microorganisms and the cells of a lifesaving transplant. Both are perceived as foreign, and…

Enigma: …under the leadership of mathematician Marian Rejewski, in the early 1930s. In 1939, with the growing likelihood of a German invasion, the Poles turned their information over to the British, who set up a secret code-breaking group known as Ultra, under mathematician Alan M. Turing. Because the Germans shared their…

O.G. Rejlander was a Swedish painter and photographer who is known as the “father of art photography.” Rejlander received his general education in Sweden, and he studied painting and sculpture in Rome. After considerable travel he settled in England and from 1853 practiced photography there.

O.G. Rejlander was a Swedish painter and photographer who is known as the “father of art photography.” Rejlander received his general education in Sweden, and he studied painting and sculpture in Rome. After considerable travel he settled in England and from 1853 practiced photography there.

Władysław Stanisław Reymont was a Polish writer and novelist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1924. Reymont never completed his schooling but was at various times in his youth a shop apprentice, a lay brother in a monastery, a railway official, and an actor. His early writing

Simchat Torah, (“Rejoicing of the Torah”), Jewish religious observance held on the last day of Sukkot (“Festival of Booths”), when the yearly cycle of Torah reading is completed and the next cycle is begun. Torah scrolls are removed from the ark and carried through the synagogue seven times in a

rejoneo: …trained horse and uses a rejón, a short, broad blade fixed to a shaft, to kill the bull. Rejoneo is sometimes called the Portuguese style, since fighting on horseback is a central feature of Portuguese bullfighting.

bullfighting: Development in the modern era: …discarded in favour of the rejoncillo (short spear), and leg armour was introduced to protect the mounted bullfighters. As knowledge of the nobles’ prowess spread beyond their domains, they were invited to competitive jousts in provincial tournaments. However, the nobles’ performance was hampered by their unfamiliarity with the spirit of…

bullfighting: Development in the modern era: …a Portuguese bullfight are the rejoneadores (lancers mounted on magnificently trained horses) and forcados (daring young “bullgrabbers” who, after the bull has been lanced, provoke the animal into charging and then, one by one from a single-file line, jump on the charging bull and wrestle it to a standstill). The…

rejoneo, a form of bullfighting in which the principal fighter, the rejoneador, is mounted on a highly trained horse and uses a rejón, a short, broad blade fixed to a shaft, to kill the bull. Rejoneo is sometimes called the Portuguese style, since fighting on horseback is a central feature of

geomorphic cycle: …stage; this return is called rejuvenation. The geomorphic cycle could be applied to all landforms such as hillslopes, valleys, mountains, and river drainage systems. It was assumed that, if the stage of a landform was known, its history followed directly according to a predetermined framework.

Kama River, river in west-central Russia. Rising in the Upper Kama Upland of Udmurtia, it flows north, then east, south, and southwest for 1,122 miles (1,805 km) until it enters the Volga River below Kazan, in the Samara Reservoir. It drains a basin of 202,000 square miles (522,000 square km). The

Volga River, river of Europe, the continent’s longest, and the principal waterway of western Russia and the historic cradle of the Russian state. Its basin, sprawling across about two-fifths of the European part of Russia, contains almost half of the entire population of the Russian Republic. The

Volkhov River, river, northwestern Russia. It is the major outlet for Lake Ilmen, whence it flows past Novgorod and directly north-northeast into Lake Ladoga across a level, swampy basin. The river is 139 miles (224 km) long and drains a basin of 31,000 square miles (80,200 square km). It is frozen

Khafre was a king of the 4th dynasty of ancient Egypt who ruled c. 2472–c. 2448 bce and built the second of the three Pyramids of Giza. Khafre was the son of King Khufu and succeeded the short-lived Redjedef, probably his elder brother. He married his sister Khamerernebti, Meresankh III, and

Anna Akhmatova: …moving and universalized lyrical cycle, Rekviem (“Requiem”), composed between 1935 and 1940 and occasioned by Akhmatova’s grief over the earlier arrest and imprisonment of her son in 1938. This masterpiece—a poetic monument to the sufferings of the Soviet people during Stalin’s terror—was published in Russia for the first time in…

history of Latin America: The sugar age: …high court of appeal, or relação, like the Spanish-American audiencia, with the associated network of lawyers and notaries. Monasteries and convents became part of the picture, and authors writing on local topics appeared, some of the most prominent of them Jesuits.

Erik Satie: Satie’s ballet Relâche (1924) contains a Surrealistic film sequence by René Clair; the film score Entr’acte, or Cinéma, serves as an example of his ideal background, or “furniture,” music.

pre-Columbian civilizations: Classic Maya religion: …themselves is Diego de Landa’s Relación de las cosas de Yucatán (“Report on the Affairs of Yucatán”), which dates to 1566. It describes Postclassic rather than Classic religion, but given the deeply conservative nature of Maya religion, it is highly probable that much of this description is pertinent for the…

Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca: His La relación y comentarios… (1555), describing his journey from Santos to Asunción, is a valuable geographic work.

pre-Columbian civilizations: Official ecclesiastical and government records: …the last type are the Relaciones geográficas of 1579–85, a series of surveys ordered by Philip II of his overseas possessions. Formal questionnaires were drawn up that demanded information from each town in the empire on virtually all aspects of Meso-American life: questions on the natural environment and resources, crops,…

tapestry: Techniques: …it forms a kind of slit, or relais, which may be treated in any of five different ways. First, it may simply be left open, as in Chinese silk tapestries, which are called kesi (cut silk) for that reason. Second, it may be left open on the loom but sewed…

Eminem: Relapse (2009) marked Eminem’s first collection of new material in five years. Although it featured solid production from Dr. Dre, the album met with middling reviews because of its over-the-top attempts to shock and its somewhat dated catalog of pop culture references. Nevertheless, the single…

Colley Cibber: …it with a sequel, The Relapse: or, Virtue in Danger (1696), in which Cibber’s character Sir Novelty Fashion has become Lord Foppington, a role created by Cibber. In 1700 Cibber produced his famous adaptation of Shakespeare’s Richard III, which held the stage as the preferred acting version of that play…

relapsing fever, infectious disease characterized by recurring episodes of fever separated by periods of relative well-being and caused by spirochetes, or spiral-shaped bacteria, of the genus Borrelia. The spirochetes are transmitted from one person to another by lice (genus Pediculus) and from

connective tissue disease: Relapsing polychondritis: Relapsing polychondritis is a rare inflammatory disease that primarily affects cartilage. It begins usually in the fourth or fifth decade and is marked by recurrent periods of inflammation of the cartilage of various tissues of the body, lasting several weeks to months. The…

multiple sclerosis: Prevalence and types of multiple sclerosis: …four major types of MS: relapsing-remitting (RRMS), secondary-progressive (SPMS), primary-progressive (PPMS), and progressive-relapsing (PRMS). About 80–85 percent of patients are diagnosed initially with RRMS. In this form of the disease, onset is usually gradual, and there are alternating intervals of symptom exacerbation and complete symptom remission. In many patients with…

Thomas West, 12th Baron De La Warr: …of the company’s council, his Relation (1611, reprinted 1858) of the condition of affairs in Virginia. He remained in England until 1618, when the news of the tyrannical rule of the deputy, Samuel Argall, led him to start again for Virginia. He embarked in May but died en route and…

relation, in logic, a set of ordered pairs, triples, quadruples, and so on. A set of ordered pairs is called a two-place (or dyadic) relation; a set of ordered triples is a three-place (or triadic) relation; and so on. In general, a relation is any set of ordered n-tuples of objects. Important

Bernard Le Bovier, sieur de Fontenelle: …seen in his amusing satire Relation de l’île de Bornéo (1686; “Account of the Island of Borneo”), in which a civil war in Borneo is used to symbolize the dissensions between Catholics (Rome) and Calvinists (Geneva).

Russell Banks: An experimental novel, The Relation of My Imprisonment (1984), set in 17th-century New England, was regarded by most reviewers as conceptually and stylistically flawed. Banks’s interest in the Caribbean, which led to his residence in Jamaica for an interval, shaped two of his novels, The Book of Jamaica…

Anna Ella Carroll: …the General Government (1861) and The Relation of the National Government to the Revolted Citizens Defined (1862), both published at her own expense, Carroll outlined a constitutional theory under which the secession of Southern states and the formation of the Confederacy were legal nullities. She held that the general rebellion…

relational database, database in which all data are represented in tabular form. The description of a particular entity is provided by the set of its attribute values, stored as one row or record of the table, called a tuple. Similar items from different records can appear in a table column. The

relational database, database in which all data are represented in tabular form. The description of a particular entity is provided by the set of its attribute values, stored as one row or record of the table, called a tuple. Similar items from different records can appear in a table column. The

relational database, database in which all data are represented in tabular form. The description of a particular entity is provided by the set of its attribute values, stored as one row or record of the table, called a tuple. Similar items from different records can appear in a table column. The

Oracle Corporation, global corporation and brand that develops and markets computer software applications for business. The company is best known for its Oracle database software, a relational database management system, and for computer systems and software, such as Solaris and Java, acquired in

metalogic: Satisfaction of a theory by a structure: finite and infinite models: A realization of a language (for example, the one based on L) is a structure 𝔄 identified by the six elements so arrangedin which the second term is a function that assigns a member of the set A to each…

metalogic: Satisfaction of a theory by a structure: finite and infinite models: A realization of a language (for example, the one based on L) is a structure 𝔄 identified by the six elements so arrangedin which the second term is a function that assigns a member of the set A to each…

philosophy of physics: Relationism and absolutism: Newtonian mechanics predicts the motions of particles, or how the positions of particles in space change with time. But the very possibility of there being a theory that predicts how the positions of particles in space change with time requires that there…

Nayantara Sahgal: Sahgal’s works of nonfiction included Relationship, Extracts from a Correspondence (1994) and Point of View: A Personal Response to Life, Literature, and Politics (1997) as well as several works on Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi.

biogeographic region: Components of species diversity: species richness and relative abundance: …species richness—but also by the relative abundance of individuals in that community. Species abundance is the number of individuals per species, and relative abundance refers to the evenness of distribution of individuals among species in a community. Two communities may be equally rich in species but differ in relative abundance.…

history of logic: Charles Sanders Peirce: …for relations—called relative multiplication and addition—so that Boolean laws still held. Both Peirce’s conception of the purposes of logic and the details of his symbolism and logical rules were enormously complicated by highly developed and unusual philosophical views, by elaborate theories of mind and thought, and by his theory of…

relative aperture, the measure of the light-gathering power of an optical system. It is expressed in different ways according to the instrument involved. The relative aperture for a microscope is called the numerical aperture (NA) and is equal to the sine of half the angle subtended by the aperture

atomic weight, ratio of the average mass of a chemical element’s atoms to some standard. Since 1961 the standard unit of atomic mass has been one-twelfth the mass of an atom of the isotope carbon-12. An isotope is one of two or more species of atoms of the same chemical element that have different

radiation: Units for measuring ionizing radiation: …of radiation in terms of relative biologic effectiveness (RBE), since particulate radiations tend to cause greater injury for a given absorbed dose than do X rays or gamma rays. The dose equivalent of a given type of radiation (in Sv) is the dose of the radiation in Gy multiplied by…

geology: Historical geology and stratigraphy: …expressed solely in terms of relative ages, in which the age of a particular geologic feature could be expressed as relatively younger or older than other geologic features. The ages of different sequences of strata, for example, can be compared with each other in this manner, and their relative ages…

specific gravity, ratio of the density of a substance to that of a standard substance. The usual standard of comparison for solids and liquids is water at 4 °C (39.2 °F), which has a density of 1.0 kg per litre (62.4 pounds per cubic foot). Gases are commonly compared with dry air, which has a

revitalization movement: The most widely accepted theory, relative deprivation, suggests that revitalization movements may occur when a significant proportion of a society finds its status and economic circumstances trailing those of the rest of society, even if the dissatisfied group has a relatively high standard of living according to independent economic measures…

electrochemical reaction: Sites of electrochemical reactions: …is referred to as the relative electrode potential, E. Of special interest is that state of the electrode at which there is no net charge (in this case, no unbalanced, or extra positive, charge) at the metal side of the double layer. The relative potential at which this state is…

blood disease: Polycythemia: …in the circulating blood (relative polycythemia). The latter may be the consequence of abnormally lowered fluid intake or of marked loss of body fluid, such as occurs in persistent vomiting, severe diarrhea, or copious sweating or when water is caused to shift from the circulation into the tissue.

kin selection: …play when evaluating the genetic fitness of a given individual. It is based on the concept of inclusive fitness, which is made up of individual survival and reproduction (direct fitness) and any impact that an individual has on the survival and reproduction of relatives (indirect fitness). Kin selection occurs when…

statistics: Tabular methods: Another tabular summary, called a relative frequency distribution, shows the fraction, or percentage, of data values in each class. The most common tabular summary of data for two variables is a cross tabulation, a two-variable analogue of a frequency distribution.

probability theory: …the interpretation of probabilities as relative frequencies, for which simple games involving coins, cards, dice, and roulette wheels provide examples. The distinctive feature of games of chance is that the outcome of a given trial cannot be predicted with certainty, although the collective results of a large number of trials…