Îles Sous le Vent, archipelago of five inhabited volcanic islands and four uninhabited, low-lying coral atolls constituting the western part of the Society Islands, French Polynesia, in the central South Pacific. Raiatea, the principal island, and neighbouring Tahaa are part of a single submarine

Leeward Islands, an arc of West Indian islands that constitute the most westerly and northerly of the Lesser Antilles, at the northeastern end of the Caribbean Sea, between latitudes 16° and 19° N and longitudes 61° and 65° W. The history of British, French, Spanish, and Dutch colonialism in the

Max Elskamp: …in a series of collections: Sous les tentes de l’Exode (1921; “Under the Tents of Exodus”), Chansons désabusées (1922; “Songs of Disillusionment”), and La Chanson de la rue Saint-Paul (1922; “The Song of Rue Saint-Paul”). In his later years Elskamp became melancholic and withdrawn, but the spirit of his most…

René Clair: His Sous les toits de Paris, Le Million, and À nous la liberté! constituted homage to the art of silent film and a manifesto for a new cinema. Clair rigorously constructed comical situations using either images or sounds independently, and his skillful use of music to…

Sous River, river of southern Morocco, rising from several headstreams in the High Atlas (Haut Atlas) mountains and flowing westward for 112 miles (180 km) to the Atlantic Ocean south of Agadir. Its alluvial basin, protected from the Sahara by the Anti-Atlas Mountains, is one of Morocco’s most

sous vide, French cooking technique in which food is vacuum-sealed and then slowly cooked in water heated to a low temperature. When properly done, the food cooks consistently, in its juices, maintaining moisture and tenderness. Sous vide, meaning “under vacuum” in French, is a technique developed

Sous River, river of southern Morocco, rising from several headstreams in the High Atlas (Haut Atlas) mountains and flowing westward for 112 miles (180 km) to the Atlantic Ocean south of Agadir. Its alluvial basin, protected from the Sahara by the Anti-Atlas Mountains, is one of Morocco’s most

Sous River, river of southern Morocco, rising from several headstreams in the High Atlas (Haut Atlas) mountains and flowing westward for 112 miles (180 km) to the Atlantic Ocean south of Agadir. Its alluvial basin, protected from the Sahara by the Anti-Atlas Mountains, is one of Morocco’s most

Hadrumetum, ancient Phoenician colony some 100 miles (160 km) south of Carthage, on the east coast of the Al-Hammāmāt Gulf in what is now Tunisia. Hadrumetum was one of the most important communities within the Carthaginian territory in northern Africa because of its location on the sea at the edge

Sousse, town located in east-central Tunisia. It is an important port and commercial centre that originated as the Phoenician settlement of Hadrumetum. Used by Hannibal as his base during the Second Punic War (218–201 bce), Sousse changed its allegiance during the Third Punic War (149–146 bce) and

Oswald de Andrade was a poet, playwright, and novelist, social agitator and revolutionary, one of the leaders of Brazil’s Modernist movement in the arts. Born into a wealthy and aristocratic family, Andrade traveled extensively in Europe during his youth and there became aware of avant-garde

Luís de Sousa was a monastic historian whose prose style in his chronicle of the Dominican order earned him an important position in the history of Portuguese literature. Sousa may have studied law at the University of Coimbra. About 1576 he became a novice in the Knights of Malta but did not

dolphin: Conservation status: as endangered species, and the Atlantic humpbacked dolphin (Sousa teuszii), which is classified as critically endangered.

Matamba: …1630–32 it was conquered by Njinga Mbande (often referred to simply as Njinga, also spelled Nzinga, Jinga, or Ginga; also known by her Christian name, Ana de Sousa), ruler of the neighbouring Ndongo kingdom, when she was expelled from some of her domains by rivals and their Portuguese allies. Matamba…

Portugal: The 18th century: The Portuguese general António Luís de Sousa, marquês das Minas, entered Madrid in 1706, but French and Spanish forces were victorious at Almansa in 1707, and in 1711 the French admiral René Duguay-Trouin sacked Rio de Janeiro. At the conclusion of the war, Portugal negotiated a peace treaty…

Luís de Sousa was a monastic historian whose prose style in his chronicle of the Dominican order earned him an important position in the history of Portuguese literature. Sousa may have studied law at the University of Coimbra. About 1576 he became a novice in the Knights of Malta but did not

John Philip Sousa was an American bandmaster and composer of military marches. The son of an immigrant Portuguese father and a German mother, Sousa grew up in Washington, D.C., where from the age of six he learned to play the violin and later various band instruments and studied harmony and musical

Luís de Sousa was a monastic historian whose prose style in his chronicle of the Dominican order earned him an important position in the history of Portuguese literature. Sousa may have studied law at the University of Coimbra. About 1576 he became a novice in the Knights of Malta but did not

Martim Afonso de Sousa was a Portuguese admiral who commanded the first colonizing expedition to Brazil (1530–33). After destroying a French trading post in the territory of Pernambuco, Sousa founded the first two permanent Portuguese settlements in Brazil in 1532. One was São Vicente, near the

Tomé de Sousa was a Portuguese nobleman and soldier who became the first governor-general (1549–53) of the Portuguese colony of Brazil. After military service in Africa and India, Sousa led a 1,000-man expedition to Brazil, where he built the fortified capital of Salvador. He assisted the Jesuits

helicon, a large, valved bass brass instrument that is a member of the tuba family. Developed in 1845 by Ignaz Stowasser of Vienna, it has a spiral circular form that allows the helicon’s bell (the flared end of the instrument) to rest on the player’s left shoulder and, thus, makes the instrument

souse, a light Caribbean dish, served cold, that traditionally consists of pickled pig meat in a clear broth flavoured with various seasonings. Regional variations exist; in some countries souse resembles a soup, while in others it is more ceviche-like. Souse features meat from various parts of the

suslik, any of the 13 species of Eurasian ground squirrels belonging to the genus

Hadrumetum, ancient Phoenician colony some 100 miles (160 km) south of Carthage, on the east coast of the Al-Hammāmāt Gulf in what is now Tunisia. Hadrumetum was one of the most important communities within the Carthaginian territory in northern Africa because of its location on the sea at the edge

Sousse, town located in east-central Tunisia. It is an important port and commercial centre that originated as the Phoenician settlement of Hadrumetum. Used by Hannibal as his base during the Second Punic War (218–201 bce), Sousse changed its allegiance during the Third Punic War (149–146 bce) and

Susu, people living in the southern coastal regions of Guinea and the northwestern parts of Sierra Leone. They speak a dialect of Susu-Yalunka, a language belonging to the Mande branch of the Niger-Congo languages. In Sierra Leone, villages are grouped under a paramount chief into small chiefdoms

Jacques Soustelle was a French anthropologist and politician who was instrumental in the return to power of General Charles de Gaulle in 1958 but afterward broke with de Gaulle over the issue of Algeria. The son of a railway worker, Soustelle studied at the École Normale Supérieure and received his

braiding: Soutache is a decorative braid with a herringbone pattern, sometimes used to outline designs. Braids may be sewn together to make braided rugs. Hats, handbags, and belts can also be made from various braids, including plastic and straw types.

William Soutar was a Scottish poet, second in importance to Hugh MacDiarmid among the writers of the Scottish Renaissance movement. Soutar was educated at Perth Academy and the University of Edinburgh. During World War I he served for two years in the navy and contracted osteoarthritis, from which

Jacobus Clemens: His outstanding Souter Liedekens (1556) was an almost complete series of metrical psalms in Flemish. His other works include 16 masses, more than 200 motets, and 90 chansons. He used simple, impressive themes, melodious lines, and skillful melodic imitation.

David Hackett Souter is an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1990 to 2009. Souter’s father was a bank manager and his mother a store clerk. He spent his early childhood in a Boston suburb before his family moved to rural East Weare, New Hampshire, in 1950. He attended Harvard

David Hackett Souter is an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1990 to 2009. Souter’s father was a bank manager and his mother a store clerk. He spent his early childhood in a Boston suburb before his family moved to rural East Weare, New Hampshire, in 1950. He attended Harvard

South Africa, the southernmost country on the African continent, renowned for its varied topography, great natural beauty, and cultural diversity, all of which have made the country a favored destination for travelers since the legal ending of apartheid (Afrikaans: “apartness,” or racial

South Africa Act, act of 1909 that unified the British colonies of the Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal, and Orange River (see Orange Free State) and thereby established the Union of South Africa. It was the work of white delegates (who represented white electorates, less than one-fifth of the

Maria Ramos: …Ramos was unable to restructure South Africa Airways (SAA), she strengthened Transnet’s balance sheet by transferring the money-losing SAA division to a different government entity. Ramos gained international notice as Transnet became profitable under her leadership.

Bantustan, any of 10 former territories that were designated by the white-dominated government of South Africa as pseudo-national homelands for the country’s Black African (classified by the government as Bantu) population during the mid- to late 20th century. The Bantustans were a major

national flag consisting of a horizontally oriented Y-shape (known in heraldry as a pall) in green, with yellow (gold) and white borders, separating sections of red and blue and a black hoist triangle. The flag’s width-to-length ratio is 2 to 3.The two major European populations in South Africa,

South Africa: History of South Africa: The prehistory and history of South Africa span nearly the entire known existence of human beings and their ancestors—some three million years or more—and include the wandering of small bands of hominins through the savanna, the inception of herding and farming as…

South Africa, the southernmost country on the African continent, renowned for its varied topography, great natural beauty, and cultural diversity, all of which have made the country a favored destination for travelers since the legal ending of apartheid (Afrikaans: “apartness,” or racial

South Africa, the southernmost country on the African continent, renowned for its varied topography, great natural beauty, and cultural diversity, all of which have made the country a favored destination for travelers since the legal ending of apartheid (Afrikaans: “apartness,” or racial

Pretoria: … (founded 1908, university 1930) and South Africa (founded 1873, correspondence school 1946) and technical and teacher-training colleges. At the city’s outskirts are the Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, the country’s largest research organization.

South Africa: Air transport and shipping: …are operated by the state-owned South African Airways and by an increasing number of private competitors. Air services connect all major cities. South African Airways and many foreign carriers fly between South Africa and all neighboring countries; international service extends worldwide. O.R. Tambo International Airport near Johannesburg is the main…

Boer: …Eastern Cape province founded the South African Boer Goat Breeders’ Association. This society has established the standards followed by breeders around the world. The most-prized Boer goats are large, stocky animals with a white body and a red head, brown eyes, lop (downward-hanging) ears, backward-curving horns, and strong, well-placed legs.…

South Africa: The National Party and apartheid: South African Coal, Oil, and Gas Corporation (SASOL) was established in 1950 to make South Africa self-sufficient in petroleum resources by converting coal to gasoline and diesel fuel. After the United Nations (UN) placed a ban on arms exports to South Africa in 1964, Armaments…

South Africa: Political process: …ANC in 1959; and the South African Communist Party (SACP), a longtime ally of the ANC in the fight against apartheid. The SACP typically enters its candidates on the ANC’s lists, as do the South African National Civic Organization and the trade union federation COSATU. The uMkhonto weSizwe Party (MK…

Cape Town: Cultural life: The South African Cultural History Museum controls several satellite museums, including Groot Constantia (the manor house built by Governor Simon van der Stel in about 1685), the 18th-century Koopmans de Wet House, the Bo-Kaap Museum (a reconstruction of a Cape Muslim house), the Bertram House (Georgian),…

Lesotho: The first two decades: In December 1982 the South African Defence Force attacked houses in Maseru that it alleged were guerrilla bases for the African National Congress. More than 40 people were killed, many of whom were Lesotho citizens. Relations between the governments deteriorated as South Africa demanded the expulsion of South African…

Southern African Development Community (SADC), regional organization of southern African countries that works to promote economic cooperation and integration among the member states and to preserve their economic independence. The member states are Angola, Botswana, Comoros, Eswatini, Democratic

biogeographic region: South African kingdom: The South African, or Capensic, kingdom (Figure 1) consists of the southern and southwestern tip of Africa, the area around the Cape of Good Hope (hence, the designation “Capensic”). It is remarkably rich in plants; 11 families and 500 genera are endemic.…

fur seal: …metres (4–6 feet), but the South African, or Cape, fur seal (A. pusillus) and the Australian fur seal (A. pusillus doriferus) grow to lengths and weights of about 2.5 metres (8 feet) and 300 kg in the male, 1.8 metres and 120 kg (265 pounds) in the female. Like the…

fascism: Neofascism outside Europe: …changed its name to the White Workers Party in 1949. Although the party did not succeed in creating a mass movement, it did encourage the adoption of policies of white supremacy and apartheid by the dominant National Party of South Africa.

Southern Africa: Political organizations and trade unions: …1913, Mahatma Gandhi formed the South African Indian Congress and led the first large-scale nonviolent resistance campaign against anti-Indian legislation. He gained limited success, although restrictions on Indian movement and immigration to South Africa remained in force. After his departure in 1914, however, the militancy of the Indian Congress was…

grossular: …the name South African, or Transvaal, jade in an attempt to increase its selling price. Nearly all grossular used for faceted gems is orange to reddish brown. The reddish brown material is called cinnamon stone, or hessonite. Grossular typically exhibits internal swirls, which help to distinguish it from spessartine, which…

South Africa: Labor and taxation: …Unions and the mainly white Federation of South African Labour.

South African literature, the body of writings in either Afrikaans or English produced in what is now the Republic of South Africa. The rest of African literature is treated in African literature. South Africa was colonized by Europeans against the resistance of Africans and was for some time

harrier: …east of the Andes; the South African marsh harrier (C. ranivorus), ranging north to Uganda on the east; and the pied harrier (C. melanoleucus), of central eastern Asia.

museum: The spread of the European model: In South Africa a museum based on the zoological collection of Andrew (later Sir Andrew) Smith was founded in Cape Town in 1825. It is likely that an amateur naturalist and diplomat, Alexander Macleay, was responsible for the initiatives that led to the opening in 1829…

South Africa: Security of South Africa: …been incorporated into a renamed South African National Defence Force. This integration has not been entirely smooth: ex-guerrillas have been perceived by many military professionals as lacking training and discipline, while the old-line white noncommissioned and commissioned officer corps has been perceived by some Black soldiers as riddled with racism.…

South Africa held national and provincial elections on May 29, 2024. Significantly, this year marked the 30th anniversary of the country’s 1994 election, which was the first to be held after the fall of legislated apartheid and the first to be held by universal suffrage. The national election

South African Party (SAP), South African political party formed in November 1911, in the aftermath of the 1910 Union of South Africa, by various parties allied to Louis Botha and Jan Smuts. It was the governing party in South Africa from 1911 to 1924 and laid the foundations of apartheid. The party

South African National Space Agency (SANSA), South African space agency that was founded to develop a national space program and coordinate existing space activities. Its headquarters are in Pretoria. SANSA is run by a chief executive officer, and its activities are divided into four divisions:

South Africa: Milner and reconstruction: The South African Native Affairs Commission (SANAC) was appointed to provide comprehensive answers to “the native question.” Its report (1905) proposed territorial separation of Black and white landownership, systematic urban segregation by the creation of Black “locations,” the removal of Black “squatters” from white farms and…

South Africa: The intensification of apartheid in the 1930s: …the dominant influence at the South African Native College at Fort Hare (founded 1916), which included degree courses. These institutions educated a small but increasing number of Blacks, who secured teaching jobs and positions in the lower reaches of the civil service or functioned as clergy (especially in the independent…

South Africa: Black, Coloured, and Indian political responses: …Blacks held their own (the South African Native Convention) in Bloemfontein. This provided an important step toward the formation of a permanent national Black political organization. Such an organization was finally founded on January 8, 1912, when the South African Native National Congress (from 1923 the African National Congress; ANC)…

African National Congress (ANC), South African political party and Black nationalist organization. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it had as its main goal the maintenance of voting rights for Coloureds (persons of mixed race) and Black Africans in Cape Province. It

gemsbok, (Oryx gazella), species of oryx, or large antelope, that lives in desert regions of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Gemsbok are the largest species of oryx and are powerfully built, with sturdy, muscular bodies. They are known in particular for their striking coloration, being gray-brown

South African Party (SAP), South African political party formed in November 1911, in the aftermath of the 1910 Union of South Africa, by various parties allied to Louis Botha and Jan Smuts. It was the governing party in South Africa from 1911 to 1924 and laid the foundations of apartheid. The party

police: Police organizations in Africa: …policed by a single force—the South African Police Service (SAPS)—which conducts criminal investigation, intelligence, and forensics at the national level and is also deployed in the provinces of the country. Whether operating at the national or provincial levels, SAPS is under the command of a single national commissioner. These generalizations…

South African Republic (SAR), 19th-century Boer state formed by Voortrekkers (Boer migrants from the British Cape Colony) in what is now northern South Africa. Its internationally recognized existence began with the Sand River Convention in 1852, when the British withdrew from the Southern African

South Africa: Finance: …financial system, centered on the South African Reserve Bank, which is the sole issuing authority for the rand, the national currency. It formulates and implements monetary policy and manages foreign-exchange transactions. There are many registered banking institutions, a number of which concentrate on commercial banking, as well as merchant, savings,…

scorpion: Ecology and habitats: …(“stone-loving”) species such as the South African rock scorpion (Hadogenes troglodytes) are found only on rocks. They possess stout spinelike setae that operate in conjunction with highly curved claws to provide the legs with a strong grip on rock surfaces. They can move rapidly along surfaces at any angle, even…

rugby: South Africa: …a union in 1883; the South African Rugby Football Board was established in 1889. South Africa too has leagues for clubs and a national competition between provincial teams for the Currie Cup, first given in 1891 by Sir Donald Currie.

rugby: South Africa: …a union in 1883; the South African Rugby Football Board was established in 1889. South Africa too has leagues for clubs and a national competition between provincial teams for the Currie Cup, first given in 1891 by Sir Donald Currie.

Bantu Education Act: …with the passage of the South African Schools Act in 1996, but decades of substandard education and barriers to entrance to historically white schools had left the majority of Black South Africans far behind in educational achievement by the beginning of the 21st century.

fox: Classification: chama (Cape fox, South African silver fox, or chama) Long-eared fox inhabiting dry areas of Southern Africa, particularly in the Kalahari desert region; weight 4 kg, body length usually less than 60 cm; coat gray. V. corsac (corsac, or steppe, fox) Small and social steppe-dwelling fox

Steve Biko: …1968 he cofounded the all-Black South African Students’ Organization (SASO), and he became its first president the following year. SASO was based on the philosophy of Black consciousness, which encouraged Blacks to recognize their inherent dignity and self-worth. In the 1970s the Black Consciousness Movement spread from university campuses into…

South African War, war fought from October 11, 1899, to May 31, 1902, between Great Britain and the two Boer (Afrikaner) republics—the South African Republic (Transvaal) and the Orange Free State—resulting in British victory. Although it was the largest and most costly war in which the British

yellowwood: latifolius), South African yellowwood (P. elongatus), and common yellowwood (P. falcatus) of southern Africa; plum-fir, or plum-fruited, yew (P. andinus) and willowleaf podocarpus, or mañío (P. salignus), of the Chilean Andes; and the yacca (P. coriaceus) of the West Indies.

Alligator Rivers: The South Alligator rises in the hills near El Sherana, a now-abandoned mining base for uranium, and follows a northerly course for about 100 miles (160 km). The East Alligator rises in Arnhem Land and flows northwesterly for nearly 100 miles; the West Alligator (50 miles…

South America, fourth largest of the world’s continents. It is the southern portion of the landmass generally referred to as the New World, the Western Hemisphere, or simply the Americas. The continent is compact and roughly triangular in shape, being broad in the north and tapering to a point—Cape

Arawak: The South American Arawak inhabited northern and western areas of the Amazon basin, where they shared the means of livelihood and social organization of other tribes of the tropical forest. They were sedentary farmers who hunted and fished, lived in small autonomous settlements, and had little…

Leptodactylidae: The South American bullfrogs are of this genus. These animals resemble true frogs (Rana) but lack webbing on the feet. The edible L. pentadactylus of Panama and South America is a large form with a maximum length of more than 15 cm (6 inches).

capybara: …of the two species, the capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), is the largest living rodent in the world, growing up to about 1.3 metres (4.3 feet) long and weighing up to 79 kg (174 pounds). The lesser capybara (H. isthmius) is smaller, growing to about 1 metre (about 3 feet) in length…

Copa América, quadrennial South American football (soccer) tournament that is the continent’s premier competition in that sport. The Copa América is the world’s oldest international football tournament. The event was first held in 1916 in honour of the 100th anniversary of Argentina’s

UNASUR, South American organization created in 2008 to propel regional integration on issues including democracy, education, energy, environment, infrastructure, and security and to eliminate social inequality and exclusion. It was inspired by and modeled after the European Union. UNASUR’s members

South American fox, (genus Lycalopex), any of six South American carnivores of the dog family (Canidae). Although these canines are not actually foxes, they resemble true foxes. In general, South American foxes are long-haired, rather grayish animals that grow to about 0.5–1 metre (1.6–3.3 feet) in

South American forest Indian, indigenous inhabitants of the tropical forests of South America. The tribal cultures of South America are so various that they cannot be adequately summarized in a brief space. The mosaic is baffling in its complexity: the cultures have interpenetrated one another as a

South American fox, (genus Lycalopex), any of six South American carnivores of the dog family (Canidae). Although these canines are not actually foxes, they resemble true foxes. In general, South American foxes are long-haired, rather grayish animals that grow to about 0.5–1 metre (1.6–3.3 feet) in

fur seal: …the late 1970s about 14,000 South American fur seals (A. australis) were being harvested annually. Other species, including the once-numerous New Zealand fur seal (A. forsteri), the Galapagos fur seal (A. galapagoensis), and the Juan Fernandez fur seal (A. philippii), all of which were hunted nearly to the point of…

short-tailed opossum: …few species are long-lived (a gray short-tailed opossum [Monodelphis domestica] lived 49 months in captivity); others live only long enough for the female to bear and wean a single litter (semelparous).

short-tailed opossum: …few species are long-lived (a gray short-tailed opossum [Monodelphis domestica] lived 49 months in captivity); others live only long enough for the female to bear and wean a single litter (semelparous).

South American Indian, member of any of the aboriginal peoples inhabiting the continent of South America. The customs and social systems of South American peoples are closely and naturally related to the environments in which they live. These environmental relationships are mediated by the systems

South American Indian languages, group of languages that once covered and today still partially cover all of South America, the Antilles, and Central America to the south of a line from the Gulf of Honduras to the Nicoya Peninsula in Costa Rica. Estimates of the number of speakers in that area in

Native American religions: South America: …the religious life of indigenous South American peoples is vibrant and varied. Linguists have described as many as 1,500 distinct languages and native cultures in South America. Very few surviving communities, however, have been uninfluenced by Christian missionaries. For centuries Roman Catholicism was the dominant Christian influence on Native American…

South American fox, (genus Lycalopex), any of six South American carnivores of the dog family (Canidae). Although these canines are not actually foxes, they resemble true foxes. In general, South American foxes are long-haired, rather grayish animals that grow to about 0.5–1 metre (1.6–3.3 feet) in

tortoise beetle: …pits and grooves covering the South American leaf beetle Desmonota variolosa give it an iridescent green colour with depth resembling that of an emerald. The colouring disappears at death because of the drying and shrinkage that occur, and the dead beetle turns dull brown.

tapir: kabomani), and the South American lowland tapir (T. terrestris). This geographic distribution, with four species in Central and South America and one in Southeast Asia, is peculiar. Fossil remains from Europe, China, and North America show that tapirs were once widespread, but the extinction of intermediate forms has isolated the…

lungfish: Size range and distribution: The South American species, Lepidosiren paradoxa, reaches a length of 1.25 metres (about 4 feet).

South American nomad, indigenous inhabitants of South America living as nomadic hunters, gatherers, and fishers. In the past, South American nomads could be found from Cape Horn to the Orinoco River in northern South America. The most variable groups were found in the southern half of the

painted snipe: The South American painted snipe (Nycticryphes semicollaris) is a darker bird with a yellow-striped back.