flag of Mongolia: …known as the soyombo (or soyonbo). This consists of figures (flame, sun, moon, yin-yang, triangles, and bars) representing philosophical principles inherent in Mongolian culture and religion. Below the soyombo was a lotus blossom, symbol of purity.

Tyvan, any member of an ethnolinguistic group inhabiting the autonomous republic of Tyva (Tuva) in south-central Russia; the group also constitutes a small minority in the northwestern part of Mongolia. The Tyvans are a Turkic-speaking people with Mongol influences. They live among the headwaters

Turkish literature: Modern Turkish literature: The promising literary career of Sevgi Soysal was cut short by her untimely death in 1976. Born in Istanbul, Soysal studied philology in Ankara and archaeology and drama in Germany. Her first novel, Yürümek (1970; “To Walk”), features a stream-of-consciousness narrative and a keen ear for local dialogue; its treatment…

Soyuz, any of several versions of Soviet/Russian crewed spacecraft launched since 1967 and the longest-serving crewed-spacecraft design in use. Originally conceived in Soviet aerospace designer Sergey Korolyov’s design bureau (Energia) for the U.S.S.R.’s Moon-landing program (officially canceled in

Soyuz: An upgraded version, MS, with improved solar arrays and thrusters and extra shielding against micrometeoroids, made its first launch in 2016. Pending the development of a new U.S. crewed spacecraft, Soyuz is the only spacecraft other than China’s Shenzhou (which is based on Soyuz) that flies astronauts into…

Peggy Whitson: …to the ISS was aboard Soyuz MS-03, which launched on November 17, 2016, with Russian cosmonaut Oleg Novitsky and French astronaut Thomas Pesquet. On April 10, 2017, she became commander of the ISS Expedition 51 mission, which lasted until June 2. She made four space walks on which station components…

Peggy Whitson: …on September 3, 2017, on Soyuz MS-04 with Russian cosmonaut Fyodor Yurchikhin and American astronaut Jack Fischer. The 289 days she spent in space was the longest single spaceflight by any woman. (Her record lasted until 2020, when American astronaut Christina Koch spend 328 days in space.) At age 57…

Union of Liberation, first major liberal political group in Russia. The Union was founded in St. Petersburg in January 1904 to be a covert organization working to replace absolutism with a constitutional monarchy. Originally the creation of liberal nobility, it soon was dominated by middle-class,

Writers’ Union of the U.S.S.R., organization formed in 1932 by a decree of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union that abolished existing literary organizations and absorbed all professional Soviet writers into one large union. The union supported Communist Party policies

Soviet Union, former northern Eurasian empire (1917/22–1991) stretching from the Baltic and Black seas to the Pacific Ocean and, in its final years, consisting of 15 Soviet Socialist Republics (S.S.R.’s): Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belorussia (now Belarus), Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirgiziya (now

Soviet Union, former northern Eurasian empire (1917/22–1991) stretching from the Baltic and Black seas to the Pacific Ocean and, in its final years, consisting of 15 Soviet Socialist Republics (S.S.R.’s): Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belorussia (now Belarus), Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirgiziya (now

Ivan Bella: …a research cosmonaut on Soyuz TM-29, which launched on Feb. 20, 1999, and docked with Mir on February 22. Bella was accompanied on Soyuz TM-29 by a Russian cosmonaut, Viktor Afanasyev, and a French astronaut, Jean-Pierre Haigneré. The mission, named “Mir Štefánik” after the Slovak astronomer and general Milan Štefánik,…

Sergey Konstantinovich Krikalyov: …served as flight engineer on Soyuz TM-31 as part of the first resident crew (Expedition 1) on the ISS. He spent 141 days in space during this mission. In 2005 he went into space for the sixth time, to the ISS as commander on Soyuz TMA-6. As part of the…

Mark Kelly: …on the Russian spacecraft Soyuz TMA-01M on October 8, 2010 and was on board until March 16, 2011. Mark was originally scheduled to arrive at the ISS in February 2011 as commander of the space shuttle Endeavour’s last mission, STS-134, which was to attach the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, an experiment…

Sergey Volkov: …returned to the ISS in Soyuz TMA-02M, which launched on June 7, 2011, with American astronaut Michael Fossum and Japanese astronaut Furukawa Satoshi. He and Russian cosmonaut Aleksandr Samokutyayev performed a space walk in which they moved a small crane onto the station’s exterior. He returned to Earth on November…

Sunita Williams: …of the crew of Soyuz TMA-05M. She was a flight engineer on Expedition 32, and on September 16 she became commander of Expedition 33. She made three more space walks, totaling more than 21 hours, retaining her space walk record with a total time outside the ISS between her two…

Charles Simonyi: …Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan aboard Soyuz TMA-10 on April 7, 2007, with two Russian cosmonauts, Expedition 15 commander Fyodor Yurchikhin and flight engineer Oleg Kotov. On April 9 he arrived at the International Space Station (ISS), where he spent 11 days performing scientific experiments and communicating via amateur radio with high…

Peggy Whitson: …time on October 10, 2007—aboard Soyuz TMA-11 with Yury Malenchenko of Russia and Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor of Malaysia—as the commander of the Expedition 16 mission. The first female commander of the ISS, Whitson supervised and directed a significant expansion of the living and working space on the ISS, including the…

Sergey Volkov: …on the ISS and on Soyuz TMA-12. He also conducted two space walks, during which he and Kononenko inspected the Soyuz TMA-12 spacecraft, removed and installed scientific experiments, and installed a docking target for a Russian module scheduled for launch in 2009. As the ISS commander for Expedition 17, Volkov…

Richard Garriott: …Russia, he launched aboard Soyuz TMA-13 on Oct. 12, 2008, with commander Yury Lonchakov of Russia and flight engineer Edward Fincke of the United States. He arrived at the International Space Station (ISS) two days later. Garriott’s work on the ISS included communicating with students via radio signals, taking photographs…

Charles Simonyi: astronaut Michael Barratt aboard Soyuz TMA-14, a flight to the ISS that made Simonyi the first repeat space tourist. They returned to Earth on April 8, traveling on Soyuz TMA-13.

Guy Laliberté: … aboard the Russian spacecraft Soyuz TMA-16, which visited the International Space Station. He was also a noted poker player. The recipient of numerous honours, he was awarded the National Order of Quebec (1997) in recognition of his contribution to Quebec’s culture.

Scott Kelly: …returned to the ISS aboard Soyuz TMA-16M as part of a special mission in which he and Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Korniyenko spent 340 days in space, which was the longest spaceflight by an American astronaut. Scott broke the American record for most cumulative time in space, having spent 520 days…

Sergey Volkov: …on September 2, 2015, on Soyuz TMA-18M with Kazakh cosmonaut Aydyn Aimbetov and Danish astronaut Andreas Mogensen. He and Russian cosmonaut Yuri Malenchenko did a space walk in which they replaced experiments that were attached to the Russian modules of the station. He returned to Earth on March 2, 2016,…

Pedro Duque: …as flight engineer on Soyuz TMA-3 during the Cervantes mission to the ISS. During this 10-day mission (October 18 to 28), Duque visited the ISS during a crew changeover, launching with Expedition 8 and returning with Expedition 7.

Sergey Konstantinovich Krikalyov: …the ISS as commander on Soyuz TMA-6. As part of the crew of Expedition 11, he spent 179 days in space, thus accumulating 803 days total during his career.

Sergey Konstantinovich Krikalyov: …as flight engineer on Soyuz TM-7, during which he spent 151 days in space aboard the Mir space station. He was in the public eye in 1991–92 during his second mission, also to Mir, for being in space during the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Having been launched as a…

history of film: The Soviet Union: Reorganized as Soyuzkino, the trust was turned over to the reactionary bureaucrat Boris Shumyatsky, a proponent of the narrowly ideological doctrine known as Socialist Realism. This policy, which came to dominate the Soviet arts, dictated that individual creativity be subordinated to the political aims of the party…

machine-tractor station: …RTS were replaced by the All-Union Farm Machinery Association (Soyuzselkhoztekhnika).

Ken Saro-Wiwa: …a Time of War and Sozaboy (both 1985); the latter, written in pidgin English, satirized corruption in Nigerian society. He reached his largest audience with Basi and Company, a comedic television series that ran for some 150 episodes in the 1980s. He was also a journalist and wrote poetry and…

Yamana Mochitoyo was the head of the most powerful warrior clan in western Japan in the 15th century. Yamana’s attempts to increase his family’s rank and influence brought him into conflict with a rival clan in eastern Japan and resulted in the Ōnin War (1467–77), which was followed by a century of

Eduard Bernstein: …of the Zürich edition of Der Sozialdemokrat, a periodical that was the rallying centre of the underground socialist party. Expelled from Switzerland at the request of Bismarck in 1888, Bernstein continued the publication of the periodical in London. There he became a close friend of Friedrich Engels, Marx’s collaborator and…

20th-century international relations: Growing tensions and German isolation: …resentment tended to increase the socialist vote, and the other parties could command a majority only by banding together.

Social Democratic Party of Switzerland, Swiss political party of the centre-left that supports an extensive government role in the economy. With the Christian Democratic People’s Party, FDP. The Liberals, and the Swiss People’s Party, the Social Democratic Party has governed Switzerland as part of

Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), Germany’s oldest political party and one of the country’s two main parties (the other being the Christian Democratic Union). It advocates the modernization of the economy to meet the demands of globalization, but it also stresses the need to address the

Austria: Political process: The centre-left Social Democratic Party of Austria (Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs; SPÖ; until 1991 the Socialist Party) was founded in 1945. It is a successor of the original Social Democratic Party (founded in 1889), which was a driving force in the establishment of the First Austrian Republic in…

Schutzbund: …workers’ guards by the Austrian Social Democratic Party, of which the Schutzbund remained an adjunct. It was also descended from the People’s Guard of 1918, a Social Democratic weapon against the Communists; it considered as its main objective the protection of a social reform program hated by Austria’s conservative bourgeois…

Ludwig Erhard: …years he applied his “social market system” to the problems of economic renewal with phenomenal results, achieving what has often been called the German “economic miracle.” Based on free-market capitalism, his system included special provisions for housing, farming, and social programs.

Theodor Julius Geiger: …of the people of Århus, Soziale Umschichtungen in einer dänischen Mittelstadt (1951; “Social Changes in a Medium-Sized Danish City”). Long interested in the sociology of public order, he wrote Vorstudien zu einer Soziologie des Rechts (1947; reprinted 1964; “Preliminary Studies on the Sociology of Law”), which dealt with law and…

Wilhelm Liebknecht: …Lassalleans and Liebknechtians as the Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands (Socialist Labour Party) at Gotha in 1875. The Gotha Program, a compromise between the positions of the two parties—although criticized by Marx for its call for government-aided productive organizations—remained the charter of German socialism until the adoption of the Erfurt Program in…

Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund: Controlled by the Socialist Unity Party, the FDGB was formed shortly after World War II with virtually compulsory membership. With the rapid reduction of private enterprise in the Soviet-occupied zone of Germany, the trade unions dropped their original function of representing the workers’ interests as against the employers’…

fascism: Germany: …in July 1944, founded the Socialist Reich Party (Sozialistische Reichspartei; SRP), one of the earliest neofascist parties in Germany. Openly sympathetic to Nazism, the SRP made considerable gains in former Nazi strongholds, and in 1951 it won 11 percent of the vote in regional elections in Lower Saxony. The party…

Ernst Troeltsch: Life and works: …his best known work, Die Soziallehren der christlichen Kirchen und Gruppen. In that work he explored the relationships between and within social and cultural groups in the context of the social ethics of the Christian churches, denominations, and sects. In 1915, realizing that his strength lay more in the philosophy…

Rosa Luxemburg: …in Sozialreform oder Revolution? (1899; Reform or Revolution), in which she defended Marxist orthodoxy and the necessity of revolution, arguing that parliament was nothing more than a bourgeois sham. Karl Kautsky, the leading theoretician of the Second International, agreed with her, and revisionism consequently became a socialist heresy both in…

Faustus Socinus was an Italian theologian whose anti-Trinitarian theology was later influential in the development of Unitarian theology. See also Socinian. A nephew of the anti-Trinitarian theologian Laelius Socinus, Faustus had no systematic education but early began to reject orthodox Roman

Laelius Socinus was an Italian theologian whose anti-Trinitarian views were developed into the doctrine of Socinianism by his nephew Faustus Socinus. Born of a distinguished family of jurists, Laelius was trained in law at Padua but turned to biblical research, which ultimately led him to doubt the

Sozomen was a Christian lawyer in Constantinople whose church history, distinguished for its classical literary style, its favouring of monasticism, and its greater use of western European sources, rivaled that of his elder contemporary Socrates Scholasticus. Dedicating the project to the reigning

Saint Joseph Calasanz: In 1630 a priest named Mario Sozzi was admitted to the Piarists and, acting out of apparent jealousy, caused an internal revolt that ruptured the order. When Sozzi died in 1643, he was succeeded by an equally divisive subordinate from a noble family, Father Stephano Cherubini. Pope Urban VIII quashed…

Faustus Socinus was an Italian theologian whose anti-Trinitarian theology was later influential in the development of Unitarian theology. See also Socinian. A nephew of the anti-Trinitarian theologian Laelius Socinus, Faustus had no systematic education but early began to reject orthodox Roman

Laelius Socinus was an Italian theologian whose anti-Trinitarian views were developed into the doctrine of Socinianism by his nephew Faustus Socinus. Born of a distinguished family of jurists, Laelius was trained in law at Padua but turned to biblical research, which ultimately led him to doubt the

Samajwadi Party (SP), regional political party in India based in Uttar Pradesh state. The SP was formed in 1992 in Lucknow, and it professes a socialist ideology. Influenced by the veteran socialist leader Ram Manohar Lohia (1910–67), the party aimed at “creating a socialist society, which works on

Earth exploration: Electrical and electromagnetic methods: The self-potential method relies on the oxidation of the upper surface of metallic sulfide minerals by downward-percolating groundwater to become a natural battery; current flows through the ore body and back through the surrounding groundwater, which acts as the electrolyte. Measuring the natural voltage differences (usually…

crystal: Covalent bonds: …four electrons in the outer sp-shell, which is half filled. (The sp-shell is a hybrid formed from one s and one p subshell.) In the covalent bond an atom shares one valence (outer-shell) electron with each of its four nearest neighbour atoms. The bonds are highly directional and prefer a…

crystal: Covalent bonds: …four electrons in the outer sp-shell, which is half filled. (The sp-shell is a hybrid formed from one s and one p subshell.) In the covalent bond an atom shares one valence (outer-shell) electron with each of its four nearest neighbour atoms. The bonds are highly directional and prefer a…

Kim Jong-Un: Childhood and rise to power: …as a candidate for the Supreme People’s Assembly in 2009, and that April he was given a post on the powerful National Defense Commission (NDC); the chairmanship of the NDC, defined in the constitution as the country’s highest office, was held by Kim Jong Il. By mid-2009 Kim Jong-Un was…

spa, spring or resort with thermal or mineral water used for drinking and bathing. The name was taken from a town near Liège, Belg., to which persons traveled for the reputed curative properties of its mineral springs. The practice of “taking the waters” for therapeutic purposes reached its heyday

Spa, municipality, Walloon Region, eastern Belgium. It is situated in the wooded hills of the northern Ardennes, southeast of Liège. Its popular mineral springs, known locally as pouhons, have caused the name spa to be given to all such health resorts. Known in Roman times and mentioned by Pliny

Communist Party of the United States of America: …the left wing of the Socialist Party of America (SPA): the Communist Party of America (CPA), composed of the SPA’s foreign-language federations and led by the sizeable and influential Russian Federation, and the Communist Labor Party of America (CLP), the predominantly English-language group. They were established legally but were soon…

20th-century international relations: German politics and reparations: At the Spa Conference (July 1920), France won 52 percent of German payments, Britain 22 percent, Italy 10, and Belgium 8. At the conferences of Hythe, Boulogne, and Brussels, France presented a total bill of 230,000,000,000 gold marks, although the British warned that this was far beyond…

Arthur Thistlewood: …helped plan an uprising (the Spa Fields Riot) in which the Bank of England and the Tower of London were to be seized. After the rioters were dispersed, Thistlewood and another conspirator were arrested but were eventually acquitted. Thistlewood was imprisoned (1818–19), however, for issuing a challenge to a duel…

North Korea: Constitutional framework: …it also has a 15-member SPA Presidium, or Standing Committee, with members chosen from within the SPA, that meets when the assembly is not in session. The SPA’s regular sessions last for about a week and are convened once or twice a year by the SPA Presidium. The Presidium handles…

North Korea: Constitutional framework: …it also has a 15-member SPA Presidium, or Standing Committee, with members chosen from within the SPA, that meets when the assembly is not in session. The SPA’s regular sessions last for about a week and are convened once or twice a year by the SPA Presidium. The Presidium handles…

Paul-Henri Spaak was Belgium’s foremost statesman in the decades following World War II and a leading advocate of European cooperation. He played a major role in forming the European Economic Community (EEC; later succeeded by the European Union), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and

Carl Spaatz was the leading U.S. combat air commander in World War II and the first chief of staff of the independent U.S. Air Force. A graduate (1914) of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, Spaatz served as a combat pilot during World War I and then acquired extensive staff

Carl Spaatz was the leading U.S. combat air commander in World War II and the first chief of staff of the independent U.S. Air Force. A graduate (1914) of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, Spaatz served as a combat pilot during World War I and then acquired extensive staff

William Morris: Iceland and socialism: …1877 he also founded the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings in an attempt to combat the drastic methods of restoration then being carried out on the cathedrals and parish churches of Great Britain.

Naples: Via Toledo: …Biagio dei Librai—delineates the so-called Spaccanápoli (“Split of Naples”), a designation more loosely applied to all of this ancient centre.

Giordano Bruno: Works: The Spaccio de la bestia trionfante (1584; The Expulsion of the Triumphant Beast), the first dialogue of his moral trilogy, is a satire on contemporary superstitions and vices, embodying a strong criticism of Christian ethics—particularly the Calvinistic principle of salvation by faith alone, to which Bruno…

space, a boundless, three-dimensional extent in which objects and events occur and have relative position and direction. Space is treated in a number of articles. For a philosophical consideration of the subject, see metaphysics. For a discussion of the relativity of space and time, see relativity.

mathematics: The foundations of geometry: …of points, called a “space,” and a group of transformations by means of which figures could be moved around in the space without altering their essential properties. For example, in Euclidean plane geometry the space is the familiar plane, and the transformations are rotations, reflections, translations, and their composites,…

Kármán line: atmosphere and outer space. The line is neither sharp nor well defined but is often taken to encircle Earth at an altitude between 80 to 100 km (50 to 62 miles) above mean sea level.

James Michener: Another massive opus was Space (1982), in which he tried, with mixed results, to fictionally chronicle the U.S. space program. Mexico (1992) fictionally deals with the problems of contemporary Mexico, partly as seen through the lens of bullfighting. There is also a strong dramatization of Indian slavery in the…

space tourism: Orbital space tourism: …MirCorp and the American company Space Adventures Ltd. MirCorp was a private venture in charge of the space station Mir. To generate income for maintenance of the aging space station, MirCorp decided to sell a trip to Mir, and Tito became its first paying passenger. However, before Tito could make…

space exploration, investigation, by means of crewed and uncrewed spacecraft, of the reaches of the universe beyond Earth’s atmosphere and the use of the information so gained to increase knowledge of the cosmos and benefit humanity. A complete list of all crewed spaceflights, with details on each

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency: …of Tokyo had created the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) in 1964. This small group undertook the development of scientific spacecraft and the vehicles needed to launch them, and it launched Japan’s first satellite, Osumi, in 1970. In 1981 oversight of ISAS was transferred to the Japanese Ministry…

Kelsey Grammer: His films from 2021 included The Space Between, about an aging rock star.

Biosphere 2: Design: …who was the director of Space Biospheres Ventures, a joint venture that in 1984 purchased the property where the facility is located. Its construction was completed in 1989, revealing a structure consisting of three main sections: an aboveground airtight glass-enclosed area, a belowground technology area (the Technosphere), and an area…

space charge, electrical charge distributed through a three-dimensional region. In an electron tube, for example, a negative charge results because electrons that are emitted from the cathode do not travel instantaneously to the plate (anode) but require a finite time for the trip. These electrons

Jack Arnold: The Space Children (1958) was a solemn story of mysteriously brainwashed children sabotaging a nuclear test site, while, completing a very busy 1958, Monster on the Campus had a less weighty message: one should not ingest the blood of a prehistoric fish unless one wants…

Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction, in relativity physics, the shortening of an object along the direction of its motion relative to an observer. Dimensions in other directions are not contracted. The concept of the contraction was proposed by the Irish physicist George FitzGerald in 1889, and it was

Clint Eastwood: 2000 and beyond: Space Cowboys (2000) had Eastwood as the head of a team of elderly test pilots (Tommy Lee Jones, James Garner, and Donald Sutherland) who have been summoned out of retirement to rescue the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) when an obsolete Russian satellite requires…

space debris, artificial material that is orbiting Earth but is no longer functional. This material can be as large as a discarded rocket stage or as small as a microscopic chip of paint. Much of the debris is in low Earth orbit, within 2,000 km (1,200 miles) of Earth’s surface, though some debris

geomagnetic field: Magnetic storms—growth of the ring current: …the federal government operates a Space Disturbance Forecast Center in Boulder, Colorado, which monitors the state of the Sun and solar wind and attempts to predict the occurrence of such “space weather.”

space elevator, a concept for lifting mass out of Earth’s gravity well without using rockets in which an extremely strong cable extends from Earth’s surface to the height of geostationary orbit (35,786 km [22,236 miles]) or beyond. The competing forces of gravity at the lower end and outward

space exploration, investigation, by means of crewed and uncrewed spacecraft, of the reaches of the universe beyond Earth’s atmosphere and the use of the information so gained to increase knowledge of the cosmos and benefit humanity. A complete list of all crewed spaceflights, with details on each

SpaceX, American aerospace company founded in 2002 that helped usher in the era of commercial spaceflight. It was the first private company to successfully launch and return a spacecraft from Earth orbit and the first to launch a crewed spacecraft and dock it with the International Space Station

Steve Carell: The Morning Show and Broadway debut: …then cocreated and starred in Space Force (2020–22), a Netflix sitcom about the creation of an interstellar branch of the military. In 2020 he appeared in Irresistible, a political satire written and directed by Stewart; Carell played a consultant working on a mayoral race in a small Midwestern town. He…

space frame, Three-dimensional truss based on the rigidity of the triangle and composed of linear elements subject only to compression or tension. Its simplest spatial unit is a tetrahedron having four joints and six members. A space frame forms a very strong, thick, flexible structural fabric that

space group, in crystallography, any of the ways in which the orientation of a crystal can be changed without seeming to change the position of its atoms. These changes may involve displacement of the whole structure along a crystallographic axis (translation), as well as the point group operations

Space Invaders, arcade game created by Japanese engineer and game designer Nishikado Tomohiro in 1978 and produced by Japanese electronic game manufacturer Taito Corp. The objective of Space Invaders, which was one of the earliest video games released, is to pan across a screen and shoot descending

Bugs Bunny: …Who Framed Roger Rabbit? (1988), Space Jam (1996), and Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021). His likeness is marketed extensively on commercial products.

Bugs Bunny: … (1988), Space Jam (1996), and Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021). His likeness is marketed extensively on commercial products.

space debris, artificial material that is orbiting Earth but is no longer functional. This material can be as large as a discarded rocket stage or as small as a microscopic chip of paint. Much of the debris is in low Earth orbit, within 2,000 km (1,200 miles) of Earth’s surface, though some debris

space station, an artificial structure placed in orbit and having the pressurized enclosure, power, supplies, and environmental systems necessary to support human habitation for extended periods. Depending on its configuration, a space station can serve as a base for a variety of activities. These

crystal: Structures of metals: The most common lattice structures for metals are those obtained by stacking the atomic spheres into the most compact arrangement. There are two such possible periodic arrangements. In each, the first layer has the atoms packed into a plane-triangular lattice in which every atom has six immediate neighbours.…

Artemis: The Space Launch System (SLS) is one of the largest and most powerful rockets ever built. Its central stage is powered by four liquid-hydrogen–liquid-oxygen engines. Flanking the central stage are two solid rocket boosters that would fall away two minutes after launch. The central stage would…

launch vehicle, in spaceflight, a rocket-powered vehicle used to transport a spacecraft beyond Earth’s atmosphere, either into orbit around Earth or to some other destination in outer space. Practical launch vehicles have been used to send crewed spacecraft, uncrewed space probes, and satellites

space law, the body of regulations in international law that governs conduct in and related to areas of space above Earth’s lower atmosphere. The evolution of space law began with U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s introduction of the concept into the United Nations in 1957, in connection with

aerospace medicine, specialized branch of medical science concerned with those medical problems encountered in human flight in the atmosphere (aviation medicine) and beyond the atmosphere (space medicine). The ultimate aim of this specialty is to promote the safety and effectiveness of humans while

Frederik Pohl: His most famous work, The Space Merchants (1953), was written in collaboration with Kornbluth. It tells the story of Mitchell Courtenay, a “copysmith star class” for a powerful advertising agency who is made head of a project to colonize Venus in order to create consumers in space. This chilling…