philosophy of language: Teleological semantics: Yet there was a further problem, noticed by Kripke and effectively recognized by Wittgenstein in his discussion of rule following. If a speaker or group of speakers is disposed to call a new thing by an old word, the thing and the term…

teleology, (from Greek telos, “end,” and logos, “reason”), explanation by reference to some purpose, end, goal, or function. Traditionally, it was also described as final causality, in contrast with explanation solely in terms of efficient causes (the origin of a change or a state of rest in

automation: Development of robotics: A teleoperator is a mechanical manipulator that is controlled by a human from a remote location. Initial work on the design of teleoperators can be traced to the handling of radioactive materials in the early 1940s. In a typical implementation, a human moves a mechanical arm…

plumage: …that which follows is termed teleoptile. Juvenal plumage, frequently distinct from that of the adult bird, is often drab, streaked, or spotted and thus camouflages the young.

Teleorman, județ (county), south-central Romania. It is bounded on the south by Bulgaria. The Danube River drains eastward, constituting the southern border of the county. The Vedea, Teleorman, Olt, and Neajlov rivers flow southeastward, emptying into the Danube. Lake Suhaia lies in the south.

teleost, (infraclass Teleostei), any member of a large and extremely diverse group of ray-finned fishes. Along with the chondrosteans and the holosteans, they are one of the three major subdivisions of the class Actinopterygii, the most advanced of the bony fishes. The teleosts include virtually

teleost, (infraclass Teleostei), any member of a large and extremely diverse group of ray-finned fishes. Along with the chondrosteans and the holosteans, they are one of the three major subdivisions of the class Actinopterygii, the most advanced of the bony fishes. The teleosts include virtually

bony fish, (superclass Osteichthyes), any member of the superclass Osteichthyes, a group made up of the classes Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) and Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) in the subphylum Vertebrata, including the great majority of living fishes and virtually all the world’s sport

telepathy, direct transference of thought from one person (sender or agent) to another (receiver or percipient) without using the usual sensory channels of communication, hence a form of extrasensory perception (ESP). While the existence of telepathy has not yet been proved, some parapsychological

Lady Gaga: Success: The Fame and The Fame Monster: …the album followed, including “Telephone” (which featured Beyoncé, as did a nine-minute video produced by Jonas Åkerlund starring the pair and referencing Quentin Tarantino’s film Kill Bill: Vol. 1 [2003]) and “Alejandro.”

telephone, an instrument designed for the simultaneous transmission and reception of the human voice. The telephone is inexpensive, is simple to operate, and offers its users an immediate, personal type of communication that cannot be obtained through any other medium. As a result, it has become

voice mail: …mail is distinguished from an answering machine by its ability to provide service to multiple phone lines and by the more sophisticated functions that it offers in addition to recording messages.

Sir Giles Gilbert Scott: …of the iconic red public telephone boxes (booths). The first of these classical models appeared in 1924; the design was simplified in 1936. Both models were probably inspired by the tomb Sir John Soane built for himself in 1816.

Sir Giles Gilbert Scott: …of the iconic red public telephone boxes (booths). The first of these classical models appeared in 1924; the design was simplified in 1936. Both models were probably inspired by the tomb Sir John Soane built for himself in 1816.

telephone: Manual switching: …a central switching point, or telephone exchange, than it was to run wires between all the instruments. In 1878 the first telephone exchange was installed in New Haven, Connecticut, permitting up to 21 customers to reach one another by means of a manually operated central switchboard. The manual switchboard was…

modem: Most modems are “voiceband”; i.e., they enable digital terminal equipment to communicate over telephone channels, which are designed around the narrow bandwidth requirements of the human voice. Cable modems, on the other hand, support the transmission of data over hybrid fibre-coaxial channels, which were originally designed to provide…

telecommunications media: Satellite links: …sophisticated space-based cluster of radio repeaters, called transponders, that link terrestrial radio transmitters to terrestrial radio receivers through an uplink (a link from terrestrial transmitter to satellite receiver) and a downlink (a link from satellite transmitter to terrestrial receiver). Most telecommunications satellites have been placed in geostationary

electronic eavesdropping: …of electronic eavesdropping has been wiretapping, which monitors telephonic and telegraphic communication. It is legally prohibited in virtually all jurisdictions for commercial or private purposes.

Christian Marclay: For Telephones (1995), he artfully assembled a seven-minute montage of clips from Hollywood films that feature characters using telephones; the work’s aural and visual repetitions served in part to defamiliarize such stock scenes. Marclay’s facility with audio editing and mixing found further application on the 14-minute…

telephone, an instrument designed for the simultaneous transmission and reception of the human voice. The telephone is inexpensive, is simple to operate, and offers its users an immediate, personal type of communication that cannot be obtained through any other medium. As a result, it has become

technology of photography: Telephoto lenses: Long-focus lenses are bulky, because they comprise not only the lens itself but also a mount or tube to hold it at the appropriate focal distance from the film. Telephoto lenses are more compact; their combinations of lens groups make the back focus…

NEC Corporation: In 1928 NEC used telephotography equipment it had developed (a precursor to the facsimile machine) to transmit photographs of the coronation of Emperor Hirohito from Kyōto to Tokyo, a feat that had a great impact on the Japanese population.

Telipinus was the last king of the Hittite Old Kingdom in Anatolia (reigned c. 1525–c. 1500 bc). Telipinus seized the throne during a dynastic power struggle, and during his reign he attempted to end lawlessness and to regulate the royal succession. His stipulations, now called the Edict of

Charles H. Bennett: …work in quantum cryptography and quantum teleportation.

virtual reality: …illusion of “being there” (telepresence) is effected by motion sensors that pick up the user’s movements and adjust the view on the screen accordingly, usually in real time (the instant the user’s movement takes place). Thus, a user can tour a simulated suite of rooms, experiencing changing viewpoints and…

teleprinter, any of various telegraphic instruments that transmit and receive printed messages and data via telephone cables or radio relay systems. Teleprinters became the most common telegraphic instruments shortly after entering commercial use in the 1920s. They were used by operators in local

United States Presidential Election of 2016: General election campaign: …with the use of a teleprompter. This ensured that every speech would have a substantive policy framework focused on his core strategy—appealing to middle-class, mostly white voters in Midwestern states hard hit by globalization and job losses. Trump campaigned energetically in Ohio, Iowa, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Pennsylvania (all won by…

automation: Development of robotics: A teleoperator is a mechanical manipulator that is controlled by a human from a remote location. Initial work on the design of teleoperators can be traced to the handling of radioactive materials in the early 1940s. In a typical implementation, a human moves a mechanical arm…

Teles Pires River, river in central Brazil. It rises as the Paranatinga River in the Serra Azul (the Amazon-Paraguay river divide) in central Mato Grosso state and flows generally north-northwestward, where it joins the Juruena River to form the Tapajós River, a major tributary of the Amazon. For

Teles Pires River, river in central Brazil. It rises as the Paranatinga River in the Serra Azul (the Amazon-Paraguay river divide) in central Mato Grosso state and flows generally north-northwestward, where it joins the Juruena River to form the Tapajós River, a major tributary of the Amazon. For

telescope, device used to form magnified images of distant objects. The telescope is undoubtedly the most important investigative tool in astronomy. It provides a means of collecting and analyzing radiation from celestial objects, even those in the far reaches of the universe. Galileo

astronomy: Telescopic observations: Before Galileo Galilei’s use of telescopes for astronomy in 1609, all observations were made by naked eye, with corresponding limits on the faintness and degree of detail that could be seen. Since that time, telescopes have become central to astronomy. Having apertures much larger than the pupil of the human…

telescope, device used to form magnified images of distant objects. The telescope is undoubtedly the most important investigative tool in astronomy. It provides a means of collecting and analyzing radiation from celestial objects, even those in the far reaches of the universe. Galileo

Death Valley: …west is the 11,049-foot (3,368-metre) Telescope Peak, the area’s highest point. Death Valley was an obstacle to movements of pioneer settlers (whence its name was derived) and later was a centre of borax exploitation; its extreme environment now attracts tourists and scientists.

telescope, device used to form magnified images of distant objects. The telescope is undoubtedly the most important investigative tool in astronomy. It provides a means of collecting and analyzing radiation from celestial objects, even those in the far reaches of the universe. Galileo

gunsight: Special telescopic sights appeared in the 1600s. In 1737, King Frederick the Great of Prussia told of a target shoot in which he used telescopic sights. Snipers’ rifles with telescopic sights were used in the U.S. Civil War and World War I. Optical advances in the…

Telescopium, constellation in the southern sky at about 19 hours right ascension and 50° south in declination. Its brightest star is Alpha Telescopii, with a magnitude of 3.5. The French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille formed this constellation in 1754. It represents a

cat snake: Eurasian cat snakes (Telescopus) inhabit dry regions of southeastern Europe, southwestern Asia, and northern Africa. About 12 species are known; they feed entirely upon lizards, and females lay between 4 and 12 eggs to a clutch. European cat snakes (T. fallax) occur in six subspecies.…

cat snake: European cat snakes (T. fallax) occur in six subspecies. They are moderately sized at 0.5–0.7 metre (1.6–2.3 feet) long, though some may reach 1.3 metres (about 4 feet). Clutch sizes in this species range from 4 to 6 eggs.

Telesilla was a Greek poet noted for saving the city of Argos from attack by Cleomenes and his Spartan troops after their defeat of the Argive men. She wrote lyric poetry dedicated to Apollo and Artemis, of which only brief fragments remain. Her heroic deed is mentioned in the work of

Bernardino Telesio was an Italian philosopher and natural scientist who inaugurated the Renaissance empiricist reaction against the practice of reasoning without reference to concrete data. Born of noble parentage, Telesio received a doctorate in 1535 and joined the group of thinkers known as the

St. Telesphorus ; Western feast day January 5; Eastern feast day February 22) was the pope from about 125 to about 136. Telesphorus is said to have been Greek, possibly from Calabria. As successor to St. Sixtus I, he was the eighth pope and a witness to the persecution of Christians by the Roman

cnidarian: Annotated classification: Order Telestacea Long axial polyps bear lateral polyps. Skeleton of spicules fused with a horny material. Tropical. Order Gorgonacea Sea fans and sea whips. Colonies commonly arborescent with axial skeleton of gorgonin and/or calcareous spicules. Polyps rarely dimorphic. Tropical and subtropical. Order

Ictinus: …rebuilding and enlargement of the Telestrion hall at the temple to Demeter and Persephone at Eleusis in collaboration with Coroebus, Metagenes, and Xenocles. The Telestrion hall, where the Eleusinian Mysteries were performed, was a square hall with rock-cut seats. Ictinus probably worked at Eleusis about 430 bc, sometime after he…

Saturn: Orbital and rotational dynamics: Instead, Tethys’s two co-orbiters, Telesto and Calypso, are located at the stable Lagrangian points along Tethys’s orbit, leading and following Tethys by 60°, respectively, analogous to the Trojan asteroids in Jupiter’s orbit. Dione’s Trojan-like companions, Helene and Polydeuces, lead and follow it by 60°, respectively, on average.

robotic surgery: Historical developments: …concept of remote surgery, or telesurgery, was explored in the 1970s by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which was interested in its application for astronauts in orbit. The basic idea was that a machine equipped with surgical instruments could be located on a space station and controlled…

television: Teletext: Although relatively unknown in North America, teletext is routine throughout Europe. Teletext uses the vertical blanking interval (see the section The picture signal: Wave form) to send text and simple graphic information for display on the picture screen. The information is organized into pages…

cancer: Radiation therapy: Teletherapy, or external radiation therapy, uses a device such as a clinical linear accelerator to deliver orthovoltage or supervoltage radiation at a distance from the patient. The energy beam can be modified to adapt the dose distribution to the volume of tissue being irradiated.

Euboea: … (3,251 feet [991 metres]) and Teléthrion Mountain (3,182 feet [970 metres]). From Teléthrion the range trends eastward to the coast. In the centre of the island rises Dhírfis Mountain (5,715 feet [1,742 metres]), while in the south Óchi Mountain reaches 4,587 feet (1,398 metres). The east coast is rocky and…

telemedicine: …specialized uses of telemedicine include teletriage, telesurgery and telediagnostics, and telecollaboration. Teletriage is a specialized type of teleconsultation that is applied to military scenarios in which a military physician receives online health advice from a remote medical expert. In telesurgery and telediagnostics, local and remote physicians share the same virtual…

Asia: Lakes of Asia: …furthermore, encircled by lava, and Lake Telets was gouged out by ancient glaciation. A number of lakes were formed as the result of landslides (Lake Sarez in the Pamirs), karst processes (the lakes of the western Taurus, in Turkey), or the formation of lava dams (Lake Jingpo in northeastern China…

telephone: Early sound transmitters: …devices in his home called telettrofoni that he used to communicate between rooms, though he did not patent his inventions. By 1861 Johann Philipp Reis of Germany had designed several instruments for the transmission of sound. The transmitter Reis employed consisted of a membrane with a metallic strip that would…

Teletubbies, British children’s television show featuring the carefree lives of four colourful childlike creatures. It is intended for an audience of toddlers and preschoolers. The Teletubbies, portrayed by costumed actors, are soft round humanoids of toddlerlike proportions, with simple smiling

teleprinter, any of various telegraphic instruments that transmit and receive printed messages and data via telephone cables or radio relay systems. Teleprinters became the most common telegraphic instruments shortly after entering commercial use in the 1920s. They were used by operators in local

teleprinter: In 1924 the Teletype Corporation introduced a series of teletypewriters which were so popular that the name Teletype became synonymous with teleprinters in the United States.

printing: Automatic composition (perforated tape): The Teletypesetter (TTS) system extends to slugcasting machines the principle of separation of function originally characteristic of the Monotype: it enables Linotype or Intertype machines to be controlled by a perforated tape produced on a separate keyboard, even situated in a different city, since the combination…

teleprinter, any of various telegraphic instruments that transmit and receive printed messages and data via telephone cables or radio relay systems. Teleprinters became the most common telegraphic instruments shortly after entering commercial use in the 1920s. They were used by operators in local

telegraph: Printing telegraphs: In 1932 AT&T inaugurated the Teletypewriter Exchange Service (TWX), a switched teleprinter network. Switching was accomplished manually until it was automated after World War II. In Europe a similar service called Telex was inaugurated in the early 1930s and was partially automated in Germany before World War II. In 1962…

teliospore, in fungi (kingdom Fungi), a thick-walled, winter or resting spore of rust fungi (phylum Basidiomycota) borne in a fruiting structure (telium) from which a club-shaped structure (basidium) is

televangelism, Evangelism through religious programs on television. Such programs are usually hosted by a fundamentalist Protestant minister, who conducts services and often asks for donations. Many televangelists have been proponents of prosperity gospel, which teaches that faith draws health,

television (TV), a form of mass media based on the electronic delivery of moving images and sound from a source to a receiver. By extending the senses of vision and hearing beyond the limits of physical distance, television has had a considerable influence on society. Conceived in the early 20th

Television: …briefly in 1992 for an eponymous album and tour. The group reunited again in 2001, performing a series of live dates in the United Kingdom, before once again splitting up. Interest in the band was rekindled in 2003 when remastered recordings of Television’s back catalog were released, along with Live…

Television, American rock group that played a prominent role in the emergence of the punk–new-wave movement. With Television’s first single, “Little Johnny Jewel” (1975), and much-touted debut album, Marquee Moon (1977), the extended guitar solo found a place in a movement that generally rebelled

Baaba Maal: …included On the Road (2009), Television (2009), and The Traveller (2016).

advertisement: …radio in the 1920s and television in the 1940s, and advertisements became more influential and complex, often based on the results of motivational research. In the second half of the 20th century, television was rivaled only by periodicals as the most popular medium for advertisements, which had so pervaded modern…

TIROS, any of a series of U.S. meteorological satellites, the first of which was launched on April 1, 1960. The TIROS satellites comprised the first worldwide weather observation system. Equipped with specially designed miniature television cameras, infrared detectors, and videotape recorders, they

television: Television cameras and displays: The television camera is a device that employs light-sensitive image sensors to convert an optical image into a sequence of electrical signals—in other words, to generate the primary components of the picture signal. The first sensors were mechanical…

television: Camera image sensors: Electronic camera tubes were one of the major inventions that led to the ultimate technological success of television. Today they have been replaced in most cameras by smaller, cheaper solid-state imagers such as charge-coupled devices. Nevertheless, they firmly established the principle of line scanning (introduced by…

television: Bandwidth requirements: The quality and quantity of television service are limited fundamentally by the rate at which it is feasible to transmit the picture information over the television channel. If, as is stated above, the televised image is dissected, within a few hundredths of a second, into approximately 200,000 pixels, then the…

Television in the United States, the body of television programming created and broadcast in the United States. American TV programs, like American popular culture in general in the 20th and early 21st centuries, have spread far beyond the boundaries of the United States and have had a pervasive

National Association of Broadcasters: Role in establishing industry guidelines: …1950s, the NAB organized the Television Information Office (TIO) to supply the public with positive information about the industry. As its first act, the TIO commissioned the Roper Survey to gauge public reaction to the scandals. In addition to publishing the survey report, the TIO developed television study guides for…

television: Bandwidth requirements: The quality and quantity of television service are limited fundamentally by the rate at which it is feasible to transmit the picture information over the television channel. If, as is stated above, the televised image is dissected, within a few hundredths of a second, into approximately 200,000 pixels, then the…

television: Picture tubes: A typical television screen is located inside a slightly curved glass plate that closes the wide end, or face, of a highly evacuated, funnel-shaped CRT. Picture tubes vary widely in size and are usually measured diagonally across the tube face. Tubes…

Television in the United States: Overview: …Lucille Ball, but such high-quality programs were the exception; most of television during its formative years could be aptly described, as it was by one Broadway playwright, as “amateurs playing at home movies.” The underlying problem was not a shortage of talented writers, producers, and performers; there were plenty, but…

Television in the United States: Conglomerates and codes: …with the introduction of a program ratings code and a requirement that all new television sets be equipped with a violent-program-blocking device known as a V-chip. Ratings codes were required to appear on the screen for 15 seconds at the beginning of each show: TV-Y designated appropriateness for all children;…

television: Reception: At the television receiver the sound and picture carrier waves are picked up by the receiving antenna, producing currents that are identical in form to those flowing in the transmitter antenna but much weaker. These currents are conducted from the antenna to the receiver by a lead-in…

ulexite, borate mineral, NaCaB5O6(ΟH)6·5H2O, that consists of hydrated sodium and calcium borate. Individual crystals are colourless and have a vitreous lustre, whereas the more common nodular, rounded, or lenslike crystal aggregates (often resembling cotton balls) are white and have a silky or

soap opera, broadcast dramatic serial program, so called in the United States because most of its major sponsors for many years were manufacturers of soap and detergents. The soap opera is characterized by a permanent cast of actors, a continuing story, emphasis on dialogue instead of action, a

television: Reception: At the television receiver the sound and picture carrier waves are picked up by the receiving antenna, producing currents that are identical in form to those flowing in the transmitter antenna but much weaker. These currents are conducted from the antenna to the receiver by a lead-in…

television: Picture tubes: A typical television screen is located inside a slightly curved glass plate that closes the wide end, or face, of a highly evacuated, funnel-shaped CRT. Picture tubes vary widely in size and are usually measured diagonally across the tube face. Tubes…

telex, international message-transfer service consisting of a network of teleprinters connected by a system of switched exchanges. Subscribers to a telex service can exchange textual communications and data directly and securely with one another. Communication is opened by entering the assigned

Telford, new town and urban area (from 2011 built-up area), Telford and Wrekin unitary authority, geographic and historic county of Shropshire, western England. It lies north and east of the hill of the Wrekin, which has an elevation of 1,335 feet (407 metres). Dawley, now part of Telford, was

Telford and Wrekin, unitary authority, geographic and historic county of Shropshire, west-central England, in the east-central part of the county. The unitary authority, drained in the south by the River Severn, is a plain covered by glacial drift soils in the north. Historically important

Thomas Telford was a versatile Scottish civil engineer whose crowning achievement was the design and construction (1819–26) of the Menai Bridge in Wales. Telford began his career as a mason and educated himself to become an architect. In 1786 he was appointed surveyor of public works for

Raina Telgemeier is an American author and illustrator of popular graphic memoirs and novels for young adults. Her protagonists are usually adolescent girls, and she typically portrays them going through everyday experiences, often drawn from her own life. Telgemeier began to read comic strips when

telharmonium, earliest musical instrument to generate sound electrically. It was invented in the United States by Thaddeus Cahill and introduced in 1906. The electrophonic instrument was of the electromechanical type, and it used rotating electromagnetic generators (and thus was a predecessor of

pacarana: For example, Telicomys gigantissimus, from the Late Miocene Epoch (11.2 million to 5.3 million years ago) of Argentina, was about the size of a small rhinoceros, and another, of the genus Eumegamys, matched a hippopotamus in size.

Télimélé, town, western Guinea. It is situated at the junction of trade routes from Kindia, Pita, Gaoual, and Boké. A trading centre (cattle, rice, millet, and oranges) for the Muslim Fulani (Peul) people of the Fouta Djallon plateau, it is also a regional collecting point for livestock sent to the

Telangana, constituent state of south-central India. It is bordered by the states of Maharashtra to the north, Chhattisgarh and Odisha to the northeast, Andhra Pradesh to the southeast and south, and Karnataka to the west. The area of what is now Telangana constituted the north-central and

coal: Macerals: , telinite (the brighter parts of vitrinite that make up cell walls) and collinite (clear vitrinite that occupies the spaces between cell walls).

teliospore, in fungi (kingdom Fungi), a thick-walled, winter or resting spore of rust fungi (phylum Basidiomycota) borne in a fruiting structure (telium) from which a club-shaped structure (basidium) is

Anatolian religion: The pantheon: Telipinu was another son of the weather god and had similar attributes. He was a central figure in the Hittite myths.

Telipinus was the last king of the Hittite Old Kingdom in Anatolia (reigned c. 1525–c. 1500 bc). Telipinus seized the throne during a dynastic power struggle, and during his reign he attempted to end lawlessness and to regulate the royal succession. His stipulations, now called the Edict of

Anatolia: The Hittite empire to c. 1180 bce: …his capital, leaving his son Telipinus, known as Telipinus the Priest, to arrange the defense of the Syrian provinces. His task may have been complicated by a new situation that had arisen in the remnants of the Mitannian state. The Mitannian king, Tushratta, was assassinated, and his successor, King Artatama,…

Anatolia: The Hittite empire to c. 1180 bce: …his capital, leaving his son Telipinus, known as Telipinus the Priest, to arrange the defense of the Syrian provinces. His task may have been complicated by a new situation that had arisen in the remnants of the Mitannian state. The Mitannian king, Tushratta, was assassinated, and his successor, King Artatama,…

Labarnas I: …later Hittite text called the Edict of Telipinus, which states that from his capital, Kussara, in central Anatolia, Labarnas extended his territory south to the Mediterranean coast and installed his sons as governors in a number of conquered cities, such as Tuwanuwa, Hupisna, Landa, and Lusna (perhaps the classical Tyana,…

Mária Telkes was a Hungarian-born American physical chemist and biophysicist best known for her invention of the solar distiller and the first solar-powered heating system designed for residences. She also invented other devices capable of storing energy captured from sunlight. Telkes, daughter of

Algeria: Land: …northernmost, generally known as the Tell, is subject to the moderating influences of the Mediterranean and consists largely of the Atlas Mountains, which separate the coastal plains from the second region in the south. This southern region, almost entirely desert, forms the majority of the country’s territory and is situated…

tell, (“hill” or “small elevation”), in Middle Eastern archaeology, a raised mound marking the site of an ancient city. For specific sites, see under substantive word (e.g., Ḥasi, Tel). The shape of a tell is generally that of a low truncated cone. In ancient times, houses were constructed of

Mesopotamian art and architecture: Painting and decorative arts: …bce), a country palace at Til Barsip (modern Tall al-Ahmar) was decorated in this way, with the conventional motifs of relief designs rather clumsily adapted to this very different medium. A few years later, such paintings were extensively used to decorate both wall faces and ceilings in Sargon II’s palace…