vihuela, stringed musical instrument that in Spanish Renaissance art music held the popularity accorded the lute elsewhere in Europe. Built like a large guitar, it had six, sometimes seven, double courses of strings tuned like the lute: G–c–f–a–d′–g′. (The guitar then had four double courses.) The

Spain: Romanization of Spain: …Spain was limited to the VII Gemina Felix legion, stationed at Legio (León) in the north. Both that legion and the other auxiliary units in Spain seem to have been recruited increasingly from the peninsula itself, and recruits from Spain served throughout the Roman world, from Britain to Syria. From…

Antwerp 1920 Olympic Games, athletic festival held in Antwerp, Belgium, that took place April 20–September 12, 1920. The Antwerp Games were the sixth occurrence of the modern Olympic Games. The 1920 Olympics were awarded to Antwerp in hopes of bringing a spirit of renewal to Belgium, which had been

Cortina d’Ampezzo 1956 Olympic Winter Games, athletic festival held in Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy, that took place Jan. 26–Feb. 5, 1956. The Cortina d’Ampezzo Games were the seventh occurrence of the Winter Olympic Games. Originally awarded the 1944 Winter Games, which were canceled because of World

James Nachtwey: …of the founding members of VII Photo Agency, named for the number of its founding members. He left that agency in 2011.

Paris 1924 Olympic Games, athletic festival held in Paris that took place May 4–July 27, 1924. The Paris Games were the seventh occurrence of the modern Olympic Games. The 1924 Games represented a coming of age for the Olympics. Held in Paris in tribute to Pierre de Coubertin, the retiring

1960 Olympic Winter Games, athletic festival held in Yokuts Valley (formerly Squaw Valley), California, U.S., that took place February 18–28, 1960. The 1960 Games were the eighth occurrence of the Winter Olympic Games. Yokuts Valley was narrowly awarded the 1960 Winter Olympics, beating out

Vyborg, city, Leningrad oblast (region), northwestern Russia. The city stands at the head of Vyborg Bay of the Gulf of Finland, 70 miles (113 km) northwest of St. Petersburg (formerly Leningrad). First settled in the 12th century, Vyborg was built as a fortress in 1293 by the Swedes after they had

Alvar Aalto: Early work: …sanatorium at Paimio, and the Municipal Library at Viipuri (now Vyborg, Russia). His plans for the last two were chosen in a competition, a common practice with public buildings in Finland. Both the office building and the sanatorium emphasize functional, straightforward design and are without historical stylistic references. They go…

India: Wars and rivalries: …Devaraya’s two sons, Ramcandra and Vijaya, were disastrous. In a war against the Bahmanīs, many temples were destroyed, and Vijaya was forced to pay a huge indemnity. A combined invasion by the king of Orissa and the Velamas of Andhra resulted in the loss of the territories newly gained in…

Majapahit empire: …founder of the empire was Vijaya, a prince of Singhasari who escaped when Jayakatwang, the ruler of Kaḍiri, seized the palace. In 1292 Mongol troops came to Java to avenge an insult to the emperor of China, Kublai Khan, by Kertanagara, the king of Singhasari, who had been replaced by…

Sri Lanka: Legendary origins: …on Sri Lanka were Prince Vijaya and his 700 followers, who landed on the west coast near Puttalam (5th century bce). They had been banished for misconduct from the kingdom of Sinhapura in northern India by Vijaya’s father, King Sinhabahu, who put them all in a ship and drove them…

Durga Puja: The celebrations end with Vijayadashami (“Tenth Day of Victory” ), when, amid loud chants and drumbeats, sacred images are carried in huge processions to local rivers, where they are immersed. That custom is symbolic of the departure of the deity to her home and to her husband, Shiva, in…

Anawrahta: …maintained diplomatic relations with King Vijayabāhu of Ceylon, who in 1071 requested the assistance of Burmese monks to help revive the Buddhist faith. The Ceylonese king sent Anawrahta a replica of the Buddha’s tooth relic, which was placed in the Shwezigon pagoda at Pagan.

Dussehra, in Hinduism, holiday marking the triumph of Rama, an avatar of Vishnu, over the 10-headed demon king Ravana, who abducted Rama’s wife, Sita. The festival’s name is derived from the Sanskrit words dasha (“ten”) and hara (“defeat”). Symbolizing the victory of good over evil, Dussehra is

O.V. Vijayan was an Indian cartoonist, pioneering novelist and short-story writer, and a leading figure in Malayalam literature. In addition to cartoons and journalistic articles on such subjects as politics and the environment, he produced several novels and a number of short stories. Vijayan

O.V. Vijayan was an Indian cartoonist, pioneering novelist and short-story writer, and a leading figure in Malayalam literature. In addition to cartoons and journalistic articles on such subjects as politics and the environment, he produced several novels and a number of short stories. Vijayan

Vijayanagar, great ruined city in southern India and also the name of the empire ruled first from that city and later from Penukonda (in present-day southwestern Andhra Pradesh state) between 1336 and about 1614. The site of the city, on the Tungabhadra River, is now partly occupied by the village

Vijayapura, city, northern Karnataka state, southern India. It is situated in the northern part of the Karnataka Plateau, about 5 miles (8 km) northwest of the Don River (a tributary of the Krishna River). Vijayapura (“City of Victory”) was a major site of Islamic architecture from the early Muslim

Vijayawada, city, east-central Andhra Pradesh state, southern India. It lies in a generally level plain punctuated by hills on the Krishna River, about 80 miles (130 km) southwest of Rajahmundry. The city is a major road and rail junction as well as a center for Hindu and Buddhist pilgrimages.

August Šenoa: …contributed to the critical journal Vijenac (“The Wreath”), publishing many short stories, poems, and essays. His novels include Seljačka buna (1877; “Peasants’ Revolt”), Diogenes (1878), Prosjak Luka (1879; “The Beggar Luka”), and Branka (1881).

vijñāna, (Sanskrit), in the Buddhist chain of dependent origination, thought or knowledge giving rise to name and form. See

vijñāna-skandha, in Buddhist philosophy, one of the five skandhas, or aggregates, that constitute all that exists. Thought (vijñāna/viññāṇa) is the psychic process that results from other psychological phenomena. The simplest form is knowledge through any of the senses, particularly through the

Samkhya: Vijnanabhikshu wrote an important treatise on the system in the 16th century.

Buddhism: Yogachara/Vijnanavada (Faxiang/Hossō): …is that only consciousness (vijnanamatra; hence the name Vijnanavada) is real and that external things do not exist. Thought or mind is the ultimate reality, and nothing exists outside the mind, according to this school. The common view that external things exist is due to an error that can…

Yogachara, an influential idealistic school of Mahayana Buddhism. Yogachara attacked both the complete realism of Theravada Buddhism and the provisional practical realism of the Madhyamika school of Mahayana Buddhism. The name of the school is derived from the title of an important 4th- or

Yogachara, an influential idealistic school of Mahayana Buddhism. Yogachara attacked both the complete realism of Theravada Buddhism and the provisional practical realism of the Madhyamika school of Mahayana Buddhism. The name of the school is derived from the title of an important 4th- or

vijñapti-karman, (Sanskrit: “manifest activity”), in Buddhist philosophy, a kind of action that manifests itself outside of the actor and is capable of being recognized by others. Of the three kinds of action (i.e., those produced by the body, mouth, and mind) usually admitted in Buddhism, bodily

Indian philosophy: Contributions of Vasubandhu and Asanga: …the Yogachara, Vasubandhu wrote the Vijnapti-matrata-siddhi (“Establishment of the Thesis of Cognitions—Only”), in which he defended the thesis that the supposedly external objects are merely mental conceptions. Yogachara idealism is a logical development of Sautrantika representationism: the conception of a merely inferred external world is not satisfying. If consciousness is…

Yogachara, an influential idealistic school of Mahayana Buddhism. Yogachara attacked both the complete realism of Theravada Buddhism and the provisional practical realism of the Madhyamika school of Mahayana Buddhism. The name of the school is derived from the title of an important 4th- or

Norwegian literature: The 20th century: Bjørg Vik was a short-story writer who portrayed, from a feminist viewpoint, the lives of contemporary women, while Cecilie Løveid, a postmodernist poet and playwright, became one of the few writers who successfully challenged the Ibsenite tradition in drama.

Indian philosophy: Metaphysics and epistemology: …concerns the key notion of vikalpa, which stands for mental states referring to pseudo-objects posited only by words. Such mental states are neither “valid” nor “invalid” and are said to be unavoidable accompaniments of one’s use of language.

Alicia Vikander is a Swedish actress who is known for her versatility. She earned an Academy Award for her performance in The Danish Girl (2015). Vikander was the daughter of stage actress Maria Fahl Vikander and Svante Vikander, a psychiatrist. Initially she studied dance at the Royal Swedish

Alicia Vikander is a Swedish actress who is known for her versatility. She earned an Academy Award for her performance in The Danish Girl (2015). Vikander was the daughter of stage actress Maria Fahl Vikander and Svante Vikander, a psychiatrist. Initially she studied dance at the Royal Swedish

Vaira Vike-Freiberga is a Latvian psychologist who served as president of Latvia (1999–2007). She was the first woman to head a postcommunist eastern European country. Near the end of World War II, Vike fled with her family to Germany and then French Morocco after Soviet forces took over Latvia. In

Vaira Vike-Freiberga is a Latvian psychologist who served as president of Latvia (1999–2007). She was the first woman to head a postcommunist eastern European country. Near the end of World War II, Vike fled with her family to Germany and then French Morocco after Soviet forces took over Latvia. In

Olympic Games: Revival of the Olympics: …that, except for his coworkers Dimítrios Vikélas of Greece, who was to be the first president of the International Olympic Committee, and Professor William M. Sloane of the United States, from the College of New Jersey (later Princeton University), no one had any real interest in the revival of the…

Bulgaria: South Bulgaria: …Peninsula; the Pirin Mountains, with Vikhren Peak reaching 9,560 feet; and a frontier range known as the Belasitsa Mountains. These majestic ranges discharge meltwater from montane snowfields throughout the summer, and their sharp outlines, pine-clad slopes, and, in the Rila and Pirin ranges, several hundred lakes of glacial origin combine…

Viking, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were probably prompted to undertake their

Viking, either of two robotic U.S. spacecraft launched by NASA for extended study of the planet Mars. The Viking project was the first planetary exploration mission to transmit pictures from the Martian surface. Viking 1 and Viking 2, which lifted off on August 20 and September 9, 1975,

longship, type of sail-and-oar vessel that predominated in northern European waters for more than 1,500 years and played an important role in history. Ranging from 45 to 75 feet (14 to 23 metres) in length, clinker-built (with overlapped planks), and carrying a single square sail, the longship was

Toots and the Maytals, highly popular Jamaican vocal ensemble of the 1960s and ’70s, regarded as one of the great early reggae groups. The members were Toots Hibbert (original name Frederick Hibbert; b. December 8, 1942, Maypen, Jamaica—d. September 11, 2020, Kingston), Nathaniel (“Jerry”) Matthias

The Vikings, American adventure film, released in 1958, that was based on the novel The Viking by Edison Marshall. It was noted for its efforts to be an authentic portrayal of Viking life. (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film preservation.) The story was filmed primarily on location in

Chandrayaan: The mission’s Vikram lander (named after ISRO founder Vikram Sarabhai) was planned to land on September 7. Vikram carried the small (27-kg [60-pound]) Pragyan (Sanskrit: “Wisdom”) rover. Both Vikram and Pragyan were designed to operate for 1 lunar day (14 Earth days). However, just before Vikram was…

chronology: Reckonings dated from a historical event: The Vikrama era (58 bc) is said in the Jain book Kālakācāryakathā to have been founded after a victory of King Vikramāditya over the Śaka. But some scholars credit the Scytho-Parthian ruler Azes with the foundation of this era. It is sometimes called the Mālava era…

Chandragupta II, was a powerful emperor (reigned c. 380–c. 415 ce) of northern India. He was the son of Samudra Gupta and grandson of Chandragupta I. During his reign, art, architecture, and sculpture flourished, and the cultural development of ancient India reached its climax. According to

India: The economy: …historical literature such as Bilhana’s Vikramankadevacarita, the life of the Calukya king Vikramaditya VI, and Kalhana’s Rajatarangini, a history of Kashmir.

South Asian arts: Period of the Tamil Cōḷa Empire (10th–13th century): …stature with two great epics: Vikramārjuna Vijaya and Ādipurāṇa. The former is a rendering of the Mahābhārata, with the hero, Arjuna, identified with the poet’s royal patron, Arikēsarī. This felicitous epic is known for its succinct, powerful characterizations, its rich descriptions of Kannada country and court, its moving sentiments, and…

Vikramorvashi, drama by Kalidasa written in the 5th century ce. The subject of the play is the love of a mortal for a divine maiden. The play contains a well-known “mad scene” (Act IV) in which the king, grief-stricken, wanders through a lovely forest apostrophizing various flowers and trees as

Viktor Korchnoi was a world chess champion contender who was one of the fiercest competitors in the history of chess. During his prime years he was known as “Viktor the Terrible.” As a youngster, Korchnoi lived through the World War II siege of Leningrad (1941–43). He became a Soviet chess master

Victoria was the consort of the emperor Frederick III of Germany and the eldest child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Great Britain. Well-educated and multilingual from childhood (spent largely at Windsor and Buckingham Palace), Victoria remained all her life strongly devoted to England and,

Viktoria Luise of Prussia was the only daughter and last surviving child of Kaiser William II of Germany and a great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria of England. In 1913 Princess Viktoria was married to Ernest Augustus, duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg, great-grandson of the duke of Cumberland, son of

Viktoria Luise of Prussia was the only daughter and last surviving child of Kaiser William II of Germany and a great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria of England. In 1913 Princess Viktoria was married to Ernest Augustus, duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg, great-grandson of the duke of Cumberland, son of

Harz: … (3,747 feet [1,142 metres]) and Viktorshöhe (1,909 feet [582 metres]) are of granite. The northwestern and higher third of the highland is known as the Oberharz; the southeastern and more extensive part is the Unterharz. The Brocken group, dividing the two, is generally considered a part of the Oberharz.

rusalka, in Slavic mythology, lake-dwelling soul of a child who died unbaptized or of a virgin who was drowned (whether accidentally or purposely). Slavs of different areas have assigned different personalities to the rusalki. Around the Danube River, where they are called vile (singular vila),

Port-Vila, capital and largest town of the republic of Vanuatu, southwestern Pacific Ocean. Port-Vila is located on Mélé Bay, on the southwest coast of Éfaté, and is the commercial centre of the island group. Although the town is French in appearance, the population is multinational, including

Catanduva, city, in the highlands of north-central São Paulo estado (state) Brazil, lying on the São Domingos River at 1,630 feet (497 metres) above sea level. Originally called Vila Adolfo, the settlement was given town status in 1909 and was made the seat of a municipality in 1917. Coffee and

Americana, city, in the highlands of east-central São Paulo estado (state), Brazil. Americana lies near the Piracicaba River at 1,732 feet (528 metres) above sea level. It was settled in 1868 by immigrants from the former Confederate States of America. The settlement was made a seat of a

São Nicolau Island: The chief town, Vila da Ribeira Brava, is near the north shore. Area 150 square miles (388 square km). Pop. (2005 est.) 13,310.

Mariana, city, east-central Minas Gerais estado (state), southeastern Brazil. It is located on the Carmo River in the Doce River basin at 2,287 feet (697 metres) above sea level. Formerly known as Vila de Albuquerque and Vila de Carmo, the settlement was made a seat of a municipality in 1711 and

Mariana, city, east-central Minas Gerais estado (state), southeastern Brazil. It is located on the Carmo River in the Doce River basin at 2,287 feet (697 metres) above sea level. Formerly known as Vila de Albuquerque and Vila de Carmo, the settlement was made a seat of a municipality in 1711 and

São José dos Campos, city, eastern São Paulo estado (state), Brazil. It lies along the Paraíba do Sul River at 2,110 feet (643 metres) above sea level. Known successively as Vila Nova de São José, Vila de São José do Sul, and Vila de São José do Paraíba, the colonial settlement developed around a

São José dos Campos, city, eastern São Paulo estado (state), Brazil. It lies along the Paraíba do Sul River at 2,110 feet (643 metres) above sea level. Known successively as Vila Nova de São José, Vila de São José do Sul, and Vila de São José do Paraíba, the colonial settlement developed around a

Chinde, town, central Mozambique. Located on the Chinde River, a distributary channel of the Zambezi delta, it exports sugar and copra and is an important fishing centre. Important originally as a British free-trade area (1891) for Northern Rhodesian exports and coastal traffic, Chinde declined

Santa Maria Island: The island’s capital, Vila do Porto, founded in the 1430s, is the oldest town in the Azores; it has a 15th-century parish church and a commemorative stela, dedicated in 1432 to “the discoverers.” Christopher Columbus, returning from his first voyage to America in 1493, called at what is…

Jundiaí, city, in the highlands of southern São Paulo estado (state), Brazil. It lies at 2,460 feet (750 metres) above sea level along the Jundiaí River. Formerly called Porta do Sertão, Mato Grosso de Jundiaí, and Vila Formosa de Nossa Senhora do Destêrro de Jundiaí, it was given town status and

Franca, city, in the highlands of northeastern São Paulo estado (state), southern Brazil. It lies at 3,314 feet (1,010 metres) above sea level. Known variously as Vila Franca del Rei and Vila Franca do Imperador, it was given town status in 1824 and was made the seat of a municipality in 1856. The

Franca, city, in the highlands of northeastern São Paulo estado (state), southern Brazil. It lies at 3,314 feet (1,010 metres) above sea level. Known variously as Vila Franca del Rei and Vila Franca do Imperador, it was given town status in 1824 and was made the seat of a municipality in 1856. The

Piracicaba, city, in the highlands of east-central São Paulo estado (state), southeastern Brazil. It lies at 1,772 feet (540 metres) above sea level on the Tietê River. Formerly called Santo Antônio de Piracicaba and Vila Nova da Constituição, the settlement was given town status in 1821 and made

São José dos Campos, city, eastern São Paulo estado (state), Brazil. It lies along the Paraíba do Sul River at 2,110 feet (643 metres) above sea level. Known successively as Vila Nova de São José, Vila de São José do Sul, and Vila de São José do Paraíba, the colonial settlement developed around a

Sao Tome and Principe: After independence: …top vote getters, the ADI’s Carlos Vila Nova and the MLSTP-PSD’s Guilherme Posser da Costa, advanced to a runoff scheduled to be held on August 8. However, a legal challenge to the first-round results mounted by the third-place candidate, Delfim Neves, delayed the runoff election until September 5. Vila Nova…

Chimoio, city, south-central Mozambique. Centrally located, it is also a commercial and industrial centre. The Chicamba Real hydroelectric-power plant on the nearby Revuè River provides power for the city’s cotton, steel, and saw mills and for the manufacture of coarse textiles and processing of

Ouro Prêto, city, southeastern Minas Gerais estado (state), Brazil. It occupies a hilly site on the lower slopes of the Oro Prêto Mountains, a spur of the Espinhaço Mountains, at 3,481 feet (1,061 metres) above sea level in the Doce River drainage basin. Within a decade of its founding in 1698 as a

Kuito, town (founded 1890), central Angola. It is the chief trade and market centre of the fertile Bié Plateau and processes rice and other grains, coffee, meat, and beeswax. The town suffered much damage in the civil war following Angola’s independence in 1975 and was almost totally destroyed in

Vila Velha, coastal city, east-central Espírito Santo estado (state), eastern Brazil. It lies along Espírito Santo Bay just southeast of Vitória, the state capital, and forms part of the Greater Vitória metropolitan area. Vila Velha was settled in 1535 and was given city status in 1896. Chocolate

Villarreal, city, Castellón provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Valencia, eastern Spain. The city is northeast of Valencia city on the Mijares River, just southwest of Castellón de la Plana (Castelló de la Plana). It was founded in 1274 by King James I of

Villarreal, city, Castellón provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Valencia, eastern Spain. The city is northeast of Valencia city on the Mijares River, just southwest of Castellón de la Plana (Castelló de la Plana). It was founded in 1274 by King James I of

Vilagarcía de Arousa, city, Pontevedra provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Galicia, northwestern Spain. The city is a seaport just northwest of Pontevedra city, on the Arousa estuary. Fishing and boatbuilding are the chief industries, and exports include lumber

Vilagarcía de Arousa, city, Pontevedra provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Galicia, northwestern Spain. The city is a seaport just northwest of Pontevedra city, on the Arousa estuary. Fishing and boatbuilding are the chief industries, and exports include lumber

Benedict Wallet Vilakazi was a Zulu poet, novelist, and educator who devoted his career to the teaching and study of the Zulu language and literature. Vilakazi became a teacher and earned a B.A. in 1934 from the University of South Africa, Pretoria. He began publishing poetry and articles in

Vilalba, town, Lugo provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Galicia, northwestern Spain. The town is on the left bank of the Ladra River, northwest of Lugo city. It has the remains of a 14th-century castle. Situated in a fertile agricultural and pastoral region,

Rafael Aranda, Carme Pigem, and Ramon Vilalta: Vilalta grew up in Olot, which is located in the Catalonian region of Spain, and met when studying at the Vallès School of Architecture (Escola Tècnica Superior d’Arquitectura del Vallès [ETSAV]). After graduating in 1987, they returned to Olot and established their firm in 1988.…

Latin American architecture: Uruguay: …central figure in Montevideo was Julio Vilamajó, who designed the Faculty of Engineering there in 1937. The spatial sequences on the ground floor, the articulation of the different volumes, and the complex functions of the building are typical of his architecture. His concern for an honesty of expression through the…

Vilanova i la Geltrú, city, Barcelona provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Catalonia, northeastern Spain, southwest of Barcelona. The city was chartered by James I of Aragon in 1274. It has a museum founded by the Catalan writer-politician Victor Balaguer

Jean Vilar was a French actor and director who revitalized the Théâtre National Populaire as a forceful educational and creative influence in French life. Vilar trained as an actor and stage manager, then toured with an acting company throughout France. In 1943 he began his career as a director

Manuel Vilar was a Spanish-born sculptor who helped revitalize Mexico City’s Academy of San Carlos. Vilar studied Neoclassical sculpture at the Escuela de Nobles Artes in his native Barcelona. During two years in Rome, from 1834 to 1835, he was introduced to the aesthetic of Purism. Its adherents,

spearfishing: …type, invented in 1956 by Juan Vilarrubis of Spain, became popular because of its accuracy, power, and simplicity of operation.

Thomas Muster: …behind Björn Borg (44) and Guillermo Vilas (53). Success in the French Open resulted in Muster being ranked third in the world, which was where he would finish the season after winning a record 12 ATP titles, the last one coming at the Eurocard Open in Essen, Germany, his first-ever…

William F. Vilas was an American educator and politician who was a leader of the U.S. Democratic Party in the late 19th century and a member of President Grover Cleveland’s cabinet. Vilas was born in Vermont and grew up in Wisconsin. He graduated from the University of Wisconsin (Madison) in 1858

William F. Vilas was an American educator and politician who was a leader of the U.S. Democratic Party in the late 19th century and a member of President Grover Cleveland’s cabinet. Vilas was born in Vermont and grew up in Wisconsin. He graduated from the University of Wisconsin (Madison) in 1858

wandering bishop: Joseph René Vilatte, a lapsed French Catholic who had worked in the Protestant Episcopal Church in Wisconsin, was consecrated in 1892 by the Metropolitan of the Independent Catholic Church of Ceylon, Goa, and India; he worked in the United States. Arnold Harris Mathew, a former…

Hiram Bingham: …main objective was to find Vilcabamba (Vilcapampa), which was the “lost city of the Incas,” the secret mountain stronghold used during the 16th-century rebellion against Spanish rule. Prospects for locating it were poor: not even the Spanish conquistadores had discovered it. Clues from early chronicles of the Incas were scanty.…

Cordillera de Vilcabamba, small range of the Andes Mountains in south-central Peru, extending about 160 miles (260 km) northwestward from the city of Cuzco. The range, marked by the erosive action of rivers that have cut deep canyons, rises to 20,574 feet (6,271 metres) at Mount Salccantay

Andes Mountains: Physiography of the Central Andes: …rough mountain mass of the Vilcanota Knot at latitude 15° S. From this knot (nudo), two lofty and narrow chains emerge northward, the Cordilleras de Carabaya and Vilcanota, separated by a deep gorge; a third range, the Cordillera de Vilcabamba, appears to the west of these and northwest of the…

Andes Mountains: Physiography of the Central Andes: …the Cordilleras de Carabaya and Vilcanota, separated by a deep gorge; a third range, the Cordillera de Vilcabamba, appears to the west of these and northwest of the city of Cuzco. The three ranges are products of erosive action of rivers that have cut deep canyons between them. West of…

Hiram Bingham: …main objective was to find Vilcabamba (Vilcapampa), which was the “lost city of the Incas,” the secret mountain stronghold used during the 16th-century rebellion against Spanish rule. Prospects for locating it were poor: not even the Spanish conquistadores had discovered it. Clues from early chronicles of the Incas were scanty.…

Vâlcea, judeƫ (county), south-central Romania. The Transylvanian Alps (Southern Carpathians) and the sub-Carpathians rise above settlement areas in the valleys, and the Olt and Cerna rivers drain southward through the county. Râmnicu Vâlcea (the county capital), Băbeni, and Berzoi are timber

The Wild Duck, drama in five acts by Henrik Ibsen, published in 1884 as Vildanden and produced the following year. In the play, an idealistic outsider’s gratuitous truth-telling destroys a family. Gregers Werle, who has a compulsion to tell the truth at all costs, reveals to the Ekdal family

Estonian literature: An outstanding realist novelist was Eduard Vilde, who wrote a historical trilogy attacking the Balto-Germanic feudal system and in Mäeküla piimamees (1916; “The Dairyman of Mäeküla”) again treated the relationship between landowner and serf. Friedebert Tuglas, who introduced Impressionism and Symbolism, belonged to Young Estonia, while August Gailit was a…

Charles Vildrac was a French poet, playwright, and essayist whose idealistic commitment to humanitarianism characterized his artistic and personal life. Vildrac, along with the writer Georges Duhamel (later his brother-in-law) and others, founded the Abbaye de Créteil, a community of young artists