William was a German king from Oct. 3, 1247, elected by the papal party in Germany as antiking in opposition to Conrad IV and subsequently gaining general recognition. As William II, he was also count of Holland, succeeding his father, Count Floris IV, in 1234. William was elected German king to

Albania: Creating the new state: …also appointed a German prince, Wilhelm zu Wied, as ruler of Albania. Wilhelm arrived in Albania in March 1914, but his unfamiliarity with Albania and its problems, compounded by complications arising from the outbreak of World War I, led him to depart from Albania six months later. The war plunged…

stagecraft: Costume of the 18th and 19th centuries: The ingenious designer C. Wilhelm (original name C. Pitcher) translated insects, flowers, birds, and reptiles into dance costumes. The main interest of most designers, however, lay in framing the female figure, and many theatrical costumes were designed to reveal as much as the law permitted.

Hoyt Wilhelm was an American baseball player who pitched knuckleballs that fluttered over the plate, baffling major league batters for 21 seasons. Wilhelm served in the U.S. Army during World War II and did not begin his major league career until 1952, as a 29-year-old relief pitcher for the New

Hoyt Wilhelm was an American baseball player who pitched knuckleballs that fluttered over the plate, baffling major league batters for 21 seasons. Wilhelm served in the U.S. Army during World War II and did not begin his major league career until 1952, as a 29-year-old relief pitcher for the New

Bill de Blasio is an American Democratic politician who was mayor of New York City (2014–21). He also served as Hillary Clinton’s campaign manager for her successful senatorial run in 2000 and as a New York City councillor (2002–09). At age five he moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, with his

Netherlands: The Patriot movement: …to Gelderland with his wife, Wilhelmina, the sister of Prussian King Frederick II. Holland declared him deposed.

Wilhelmina was the sister of Frederick the Great of Prussia and margravine of Bayreuth (from 1735). She shared the unhappy childhood of her brother, whose friend and confidante she remained most of her life. She married Frederick, hereditary prince of Bayreuth, in 1731; when he became margrave in

Wilhelmina was the queen of the Netherlands from 1890 to 1948, who, through her radio broadcasts from London during World War II, made herself the symbol of Dutch resistance to German occupation. The daughter of King William III and his second wife, Emma of Waldeck-Pyrmont, Wilhelmina became queen

Wilhelmina Gebergte, mountain range in central Suriname, forming part of South America’s granitic Precambrian Guiana Shield, extending about 70 mi (113 km) from west to east. The range divides Suriname’s western district of Nickerie from the eastern districts of Saramacca, Brokopondo, and

Wilhelmina was the queen of the Netherlands from 1890 to 1948, who, through her radio broadcasts from London during World War II, made herself the symbol of Dutch resistance to German occupation. The daughter of King William III and his second wife, Emma of Waldeck-Pyrmont, Wilhelmina became queen

Wilhelmina Cooper: …husband, founded the modeling agency Wilhelmina Models Inc.

Jayawijaya Mountains: The range’s highest point is Trikora Peak (formerly Wilhelmina Peak; 15,580 feet [4,750 metres]).

Wilhelmina was the sister of Frederick the Great of Prussia and margravine of Bayreuth (from 1735). She shared the unhappy childhood of her brother, whose friend and confidante she remained most of her life. She married Frederick, hereditary prince of Bayreuth, in 1731; when he became margrave in

August Wilhelmj was a German violinist whose most famous work is his arrangement of the air from J.S. Bach’s orchestral Suite in D major, which became known as the “Air on the G String.” A prodigy, he gave his first concert at the age of eight in Wiesbaden. He studied with Ferdinand David at the

Wilhelmshaven, city and port, Lower Saxony Land (state), northwestern Germany. It lies on Jade Bay (Jadebusen), a North Sea inlet on the coast of East Friesland (Ostfriesland). Founded in 1853 by William I (Wilhelm I) on land bought by Prussia from Oldenburg, it was given its present name in 1869.

Willem Van Ruysbroeck was a French Franciscan friar whose eyewitness account of the Mongol realm is generally acknowledged to be the best written by any medieval Christian traveller. A contemporary of the English scientist and philosopher Roger Bacon, he was cited frequently in the geographical

Rage Against the Machine: …1968, Irvine, California), and drummer Brad Wilk (b. September 5, 1968, Portland, Oregon).

Lenny Wilkens is an American professional basketball player and coach who is considered one of the game’s most accomplished playmaking guards and who won 1,332 games, the second most in the history of the National Basketball Association (NBA), behind only Don Nelson. His total of 1,155 losses as a

Lenny Wilkens is an American professional basketball player and coach who is considered one of the game’s most accomplished playmaking guards and who won 1,332 games, the second most in the history of the National Basketball Association (NBA), behind only Don Nelson. His total of 1,155 losses as a

Isabel Wilkerson is known for chronicling the lives of unsung African Americans and exposing deeply embedded systems of social injustice in her reporting for The New York Times and in her celebrated works of nonfiction: Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents (2020) and The Warmth of Other Suns: The

Wilkes Land, region in Antarctica, bordering the Indian Ocean between Queen Mary and George V coasts (100°–142°20′ E). The region is almost entirely covered by the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS), averaging from 6,000 to 9,500 feet (1,800 to 2,900 meters) above sea level. First sighted (1838–42) by

Wilkes-Barre: Wilkes-Barre is the seat of Wilkes University (1933), King’s College (1946), and the Wilkes-Barre campus of Pennsylvania State University (Penn State Wilkes-Barre; 1916). Tablets mark the sites of Fort Wilkes-Barre, Forty Fort, and the Wyoming Massacre. Harveys Lake and resorts in the Pocono Mountains are nearby. A flooding of the…

Charles Wilkes was a U.S. naval officer who explored the region of Antarctica named for him. Wilkes entered the navy as a midshipman in 1818, became a lieutenant in 1826, and in 1830 was placed in charge of the depot of instruments and charts from which the Naval Observatory and Hydrographic Office

John Wilkes was an outspoken 18th-century journalist and popular London politician who came to be regarded as a victim of persecution and as a champion of liberty because he was repeatedly expelled from Parliament. His widespread popular support may have been the beginning of English Radicalism.

Maurice Wilkes was a British computer science pioneer who helped build the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC), the first full-size stored-program computer, and invented microprogramming. Wilkes became interested in electronics as a boy and studied that subject in his spare time

Maurice Wilkes was a British computer science pioneer who helped build the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC), the first full-size stored-program computer, and invented microprogramming. Wilkes became interested in electronics as a boy and studied that subject in his spare time

Wilkes-Barre, city, seat (1786) of Luzerne county, northeastern Pennsylvania, U.S. It lies in the Wyoming Valley and along the Susquehanna River, 18 miles (29 km) southwest of Scranton. Wilkes-Barre is the hub of a metropolitan district embracing more than 30 contiguous municipalities. Its

Lynyrd Skynyrd: …28, 2009, Orange Park, Florida), Leon Wilkeson (b. April 2, 1952—d. July 27, 2001, Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida), Bob Burns (b. November 24, 1950, Jacksonville—d. April 3, 2015, Cartersville, Georgia), and Artimus Pyle (b. July 15, 1948, Louisville, Kentucky).

Sir David Wilkie was a British genre and portrait painter and draftsman known for his anecdotal style. Wilkie, who had studied in Edinburgh, entered the Royal Academy schools in London in 1805, exhibited there from 1806, and was elected a royal academician in 1811. His first important painting,

Wilkins Ice Shelf, a large body of floating ice covering the greater part of Wilkins Sound off the western coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. Both the ice shelf and the sound were named for Australian-born British explorer Sir George Hubert Wilkins, who first scouted the region by airplane in late

Atlanta Hawks: …post-draft trade that brought rookie Dominique Wilkins into the fold. Wilkins—known as “the Human Highlight Film” because of his impressively acrobatic slam dunks—led the Hawks to four consecutive 50-win seasons in the 1980s and made his mark as one of the most prolific scorers in NBA history. His individual accomplishments…

dictionary: Specialized dictionaries: …first important exponent in Bishop John Wilkins, whose Essay Towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language was published in 1668. A plan of this sort was carried out by Peter Mark Roget with his Thesaurus, published in 1852 and many times reprinted and reedited. Although philosophically oriented, Roget’s work…

Mac Wilkins is an American world-record-holding discus thrower (1976–78). He was the first man ever to break the 70-metre (230-foot) barrier. Wilkins took part during his college years (1969–73) at the University of Oregon (Eugene) in all weight-throwing events—discus, hammer throw, shot put, and

Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman was an American writer known for her stories and novels of frustrated lives in New England villages. Mary Wilkins moved with her family to Brattleboro, Vermont, in 1867. She lived at home after studying for a year in 1870–71 at Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (now Mount

Maurice Wilkins was a New Zealand-born British biophysicist whose X-ray diffraction studies of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) proved crucial to the determination of DNA’s molecular structure by James D. Watson and Francis Crick. For this work the three scientists were jointly awarded the 1962 Nobel

Mac Wilkins is an American world-record-holding discus thrower (1976–78). He was the first man ever to break the 70-metre (230-foot) barrier. Wilkins took part during his college years (1969–73) at the University of Oregon (Eugene) in all weight-throwing events—discus, hammer throw, shot put, and

Maurice Wilkins was a New Zealand-born British biophysicist whose X-ray diffraction studies of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) proved crucial to the determination of DNA’s molecular structure by James D. Watson and Francis Crick. For this work the three scientists were jointly awarded the 1962 Nobel

Roy Wilkins was a black American civil-rights leader who served as the executive director (1955–77) of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). He was often referred to as the senior statesman of the U.S. Civil Rights Movement. After graduation from the University of

Sir George Hubert Wilkins was an Australian-born British explorer who advanced the use of the airplane and pioneered the use of the submarine for polar research. He, along with American aviator Carl Ben Eielson, are noted for having made the first transpolar flight across the Arctic by airplane as

Western architecture: Great Britain: One of the earliest was William Wilkins’s Downing College, Cambridge (1806–11), with details closely copied from the Erechtheum on the Acropolis at Athens. Following this were Sir Robert Smirke’s Covent Garden Theatre (1809), London’s first Greek Doric building; Wilkins’s Grange Park, Hampshire (1809), a monumental attempt to cram an English…

Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), a U.S. satellite launched in 2001 that mapped irregularities in the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The CMB was discovered in 1964 when German American physicist Arno Penzias and American astronomer Robert Wilson determined that noise in a microwave

Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson: …bonding, particularly his discovery of Wilkinson’s catalyst, a homogeneous hydrogenation catalyst for alkenes, had widespread significance for organic and inorganic chemistry and proved to have important industrial applications.

Raven Wilkinson was an American dancer who became the first Black woman to dance with a major classical ballet company. Wilkinson was interested in dance from a young age. After her mother, who had studied ballet, took her at age five to see the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo perform Coppélia,

David Wilkinson was an American inventor. Wilkinson was the son of a blacksmith, and in 1797 he invented a gauge and sliding lathe for turning iron and brass, which proved valuable to the U.S. government in constructing machines for its armouries. He produced much of the manufacturing machinery

Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP): …in tribute to American physicist David Todd Wilkinson, who died in 2002 and who was a contributor to both WMAP and WMAP’s predecessor, the Cosmic Background Explorer.

James Wilkinson was an American soldier and adventurer, a double agent whose role in the Aaron Burr conspiracy still divides historians. Wilkinson served in the American Revolution (1775–83) as adjutant general under General Horatio Gates (1777–78). In 1784 he settled in Kentucky, where he was

James H. Wilkinson was an English mathematician and winner of the 1970 A.M. Turing Award, the highest honour in computer science. Wilkinson is recognized as one of the greatest pioneers in numerical analysis, particularly numerical linear algebra. At age 16 Wilkinson won a mathematics scholarship

Jemima Wilkinson was an American religious leader who founded an unorthodox Christian sect, the Universal Friends, many of whose adherents declared her a messiah. Wilkinson grew up in a Quaker family and early displayed a strong interest in religion. Her attendance at meetings of a New Light

John Wilkinson was a British industrialist known as “the great Staffordshire ironmaster” who found new applications for iron and who devised a boring machine essential to the success of James Watt’s steam engine. At the age of 20 Wilkinson moved to Staffordshire and built Bilston’s first iron

theatre: British innovations: Norman Wilkinson and Albert Rutherston, artists with reputations outside the theatre, were his principal designers, and their settings typically consisted of brightly painted, draped curtains. Granville-Barker’s style and particularly the use of drapes in the settings reflect clearly the influence of Craig’s early work for…

Raven Wilkinson was an American dancer who became the first Black woman to dance with a major classical ballet company. Wilkinson was interested in dance from a young age. After her mother, who had studied ballet, took her at age five to see the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo perform Coppélia,

Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson was a British chemist, joint recipient with Ernst Fischer of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1973 for their independent work in organometallic chemistry. After studying at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London, Wilkinson worked with the Atomic

Egyptology: …expedition (1842–45), and the Englishman Sir John Gardner Wilkinson spent 12 years (1821–33) copying and collecting material in Egypt. Their work made copies of monuments and texts widely available to European scholars. Muḥammad ʿAlī’s government (1805–49) opened Egypt to Europeans and consular agents, and adventurers began to collect antiquities, often…

will, legal means by which an owner of property disposes of his assets in the event of his death. The term is also used for the written instrument in which the testator’s dispositions are expressed. There is also an oral will, called a nuncupative will, valid only in certain jurisdictions, but

history of Europe: Renaissance thought: …not in the exercise of will to shape destiny but in the use of reason to contemplate and perhaps to tolerate fate. In taking a new, hard look at the human condition, Guicciardini represents the decline of humanist optimism.

Harry Connick, Jr.: …(2002–06; 2017) on the sitcom Will & Grace, and in 2016–18 he hosted the daytime talk show Harry. In the TV movie Annie Live! (2021), Connick played Daddy Warbucks.

Will Eisner: Tributes and legacy: The Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards were established in his name in 1988. The Eisners, which are considered the Academy Awards of the American comic book industry, are presented annually at the San Diego Comic-Con.

Zoltan Kemeny: Will Energy Tension Creation (1958) is a major work, as is Metallo-Magic (1963). Kemeny received numerous commissions for large public works, such as a 360-foot- (110-metre-) long brass panel suspended in the foyer of the Frankfurt Municipal Theatre in Germany.

John Green: Green coauthored his next book, Will Grayson, Will Grayson (2010), with David Levithan. The novel relates the story of two extremely different teenagers who are both named Will Grayson. Their lives become intertwined after they meet. Green’s next book, The Fault in Our Stars, was published in 2012 and was…

Billy Preston: …reached number one with “Will It Go Round in Circles” (1973) and “Nothing from Nothing” (1974). He also co-wrote “You Are So Beautiful,” a gigantic hit for Joe Cocker.

When, why, and how much.You’ve finally retired! You planned for years and you’re finally getting those Social Security checks. But do you have to pay taxes on Social Security benefits? Can you also earn money at a “retirement job,” or would you have to pay more taxes? Do you pay taxes on your

Pierre Drieu La Rochelle: …and Le Feu follet (1931; The Fire Within, or Will o’ the Wisp; filmed by Louis Malle in 1963). Le Feu follet is the story of the last hours in the life of a young bourgeois Parisian addict who kills himself. In one fashion or another, the subject of decadence…

Willie Pep was an American professional boxer, world featherweight (126 pounds) champion during the 1940s. Pep specialized in finesse rather than slugging prowess and competed successfully in the 1940s, ’50s, and ’60s. His rivalry with American Sandy Saddler is considered one of the greatest of

Will Penny, American western film, released in 1968, that was an intelligent and low-key study of a cowboy faced with the dilemma of middle age. Charlton Heston gave one of his finest performances in the title role. Will Penny is an aging cowboy who realizes that his way of life as a cowhand is

Santa Monica: Will Rogers State Beach and Will Rogers State Historic Park are both nearby. Inc. 1886. Pop. (2000) 84,084; (2010) 89,736.

Understanding the funding gap.The so-called Social Security crisis has taken root in the popular imagination, stoking fears that this pillar of retirement income in the U.S. could collapse, taking with it trillions of dollars in promised benefits. But is Social Security really running out of money?

Frank Tashlin: Films of the late 1950s: adapted George Axelrod’s Broadway play Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? (1957), which had launched Mansfield to stardom in 1955 (and for which she had won a Tony Award). A clever satire of the world of advertising and the American obsession with consumption, Tashlin’s film version centres on a Marilyn Monroe-like…

Roy Acuff: …music with such albums as Will the Circle Be Unbroken (1972), performed with the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band. In 1962 Acuff was elected the first living member of the Country Music Hall of Fame.

William James: Interest in religion: …which the most notable is The Will to Believe, and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy (1897). During this decade, which may be correctly described as James’s religious period, all of his studies were concerned with one aspect or another of the religious question.

Friedrich Nietzsche: Nietzsche’s mature philosophy: …life itself with the “will to power,” that is, with an instinct for growth and durability. That concept provides yet another way of interpreting the ascetic ideal, since it is Nietzsche’s contention “that all the supreme values of mankind lack this will—that values which are symptomatic of decline, nihilistic…

Friedrich Nietzsche: Collapse and misuse: …Der Wille zur Macht (1901; The Will to Power). She also committed petty forgeries. Generations of commentators were misled. Equally important, her enthusiasm for Hitler linked Nietzsche’s name with that of the dictator in the public mind.

Estate planning 101.Estate planning isn’t just for the uber-wealthy. In fact, if you have any property or assets at all, it probably makes sense to create a will or a living trust to ensure that your wishes are followed after you pass on. But deciding on a will versus a living trust—like all estate

The Brill Building: Assembly-Line Pop: …1960s: Goffin and King’s “Will You Love Me Tomorrow” for the Shirelles and “One Fine Day” for the Chiffons and Mann and Weil’s “Uptown” and Pitney’s “He’s a Rebel” for the Crystals. Producer Phil Spector was perhaps the Brill Building’s biggest customer as well as a frequent collaborator. He…

Raymond Carver: The highly successful short-story collection Will You Please Be Quiet, Please? (1976) established his reputation.

Cumberland, city, seat (1789) of Allegany county, northwestern Maryland, U.S. It lies in a bowl-shaped valley in the narrow panhandle region between Pennsylvania (north) and West Virginia (south), bounded by the Potomac River to the south. It is situated at the entrance to Cumberland Narrows, a

George Will is an American journalist and pundit known for espousing political conservatism, particularly in his columns for The Washington Post and Newsweek. Will was, along with a sister, raised in Champaign, where his father taught philosophy at the University of Illinois and his mother edited

George Will is an American journalist and pundit known for espousing political conservatism, particularly in his columns for The Washington Post and Newsweek. Will was, along with a sister, raised in Champaign, where his father taught philosophy at the University of Illinois and his mother edited

jack-o’-lantern, in meteorology, a mysterious light seen at night flickering over marshes; when approached, it advances, always out of reach. The phenomenon is also known as will-o’-the-wisp and ignis fatuus (Latin: “foolish fire”). In popular legend it is considered ominous and is often purported

Black Eyed Peas: …their group Atban Klann, rappers will.i.am (byname of William James Adams, Jr.; b. March 15, 1975, Los Angeles, California, U.S.) and apl.de.ap (byname of Allan Pineda Lindo; b. November 28, 1974, Angeles City, Pampanga, Philippines) recruited MC and dancer Taboo (byname of Jaime Luis Gomez; b. July 14, 1975, East…

Red Cloud: …have been restored as the Willa Cather Thematic District, recognized as a national historic landmark. Inc. 1872. Pop. (2000) 1,131; (2010) 1,020.

Johann Friedrich Willading was a Swiss statesman who played a significant role in securing the transfer of the principality of Neuchâtel to the Prussian house of Hohenzollern (1707). Descended from a Bernese patrician family, Willading had, by 1694, become the leader of Bern’s anti-French party and

Steen Willadsen is a Danish embryologist who was the first to clone a mammal from embryonic cells in a technique known as nuclear transfer. Willadsen’s studies opened the way for the later development of cloning from adult (mature) mammalian cells and the birth (1996) of Dolly the sheep, the first

Adriaan Willaert was a Flemish composer who contributed significantly to the development of the Italian madrigal, and who established Venice as one of the most influential musical centres of the 16th century. Willaert studied law at the University of Paris but abandoned this in favour of music,

Eugene: …MacKenzie River recreational area and Willamette National Forest, headquartered in the city. The Oregon Bach Festival has been held annually in the city since 1970. A bohemian district of bookstores, cafés, and art galleries surrounding the University of Oregon campus attracts many visitors. Tie-dyed clothing and alternative lifestyles are not…

Willamette River, watercourse of western Oregon, U.S. It is formed by the confluence of the Coast and Middle forks southeast of Eugene. It flows northward for 183 miles (295 km) past Corvallis, Albany, Salem, and Oregon City into the Columbia River near Portland. It is navigable downstream to

Willamette River: …forming the 30-mile- (48-km-) wide Willamette Valley, which holds the state’s most populous cities. Its tributaries have many dams, which regulate the flow of water for flood control and navigation and supply hydroelectric power to the region.

Oregon: Education of Oregon: …Reed College (1909), in Portland; Willamette University (1842), in Salem; and Lewis and Clark College (1867), in Portland. Moreover, there are numerous community colleges administered by lay boards, supported by local taxes, and responsive to local needs in their curricula.

history of technology: Steam engines: The Willans engine design, for instance, was of this type and was widely adopted in early British power stations. Another important modification in the reciprocating design was the uniflow engine, which increased efficiency by exhausting steam from ports in the centre of the cylinder instead of…

Washington: Relief and drainage: The Willapa Hills parallel the coast from Grays Harbor to the Columbia River in the southwest. Gentle forested slopes descend to an indented Pacific coastline and, north and east of the hills, to the fertile Chehalis and Cowlitz valleys.

Daniel Mann: …had a surprise hit with Willard, a horror film about a lonely young man who befriends rats and then trains them to kill.

Muriel Rukeyser: In 1942 she published Willard Gibbs: American Genius, a biography of the 19th-century mathematician and physicist.

Emma Willard was an American educator whose work in women’s education, particularly as founder of the Troy Female Seminary, spurred the establishment of high schools for girls and of women’s colleges and coeducational universities. Emma Hart was the next-to-last of 17 children; her younger sister

Frances Willard was an American educator, reformer, and founder of the World Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (1883). An excellent speaker, a successful lobbyist, and an expert in pressure politics, she was a leader of the national Prohibition Party. Willard grew up from the age of two in

Frances Willard was an American educator, reformer, and founder of the World Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (1883). An excellent speaker, a successful lobbyist, and an expert in pressure politics, she was a leader of the national Prohibition Party. Willard grew up from the age of two in

Christopher Guest: Acting career: …Alan Arkin and featured actor Fred Willard, who later became one of Guest’s essential collaborators. About this time Guest dropped Haden from his stage name, fearing that it sounded like an affectation. In addition to stage work, Guest had small roles in the films The Hospital (1971) and The Hot…

Jess Willard was an American prizefighter, world heavyweight boxing champion from April 5, 1915, when he knocked out American Jack Johnson in 26 rounds in Havana, to July 4, 1919, when he was knocked out by American Jack Dempsey in three rounds in Toledo, Ohio. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica

Simon Willard was a famous American clock maker. Willard was the creator of the timepiece that came to be known as the banjo clock, and he was the most celebrated of a family of Massachusetts clock makers who designed and produced brass-movement clocks between 1765 and 1850. About 1780 Willard

Sir William Willcocks was a British civil engineer who proposed and designed the first Aswān (Assuan) Dam and executed major irrigation projects in South Africa and Turkey. In 1872 he entered the Indian Public Works Department and in 1883 began work in the Egyptian Public Works Department. While

Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum: In 1801 the botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow became director and began to rehabilitate the garden; a decade later he had created what was to become one of the outstanding botanical research centres and public displays of Europe. The botanical garden and museum were nearly destroyed in World War II…