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The US federal corporate income tax was first implemented in 1909, when the uniform rate was 1% for all business income above $5,000. Since then the rate peaked at 52.8% in 1969. On Jan. 1, 2018, the corporate tax rate was changed from a tiered structure that staggered corporate tax rates based on company income to a flat rate of 21% for all companies.
The first federal income tax was levied by Congress from 1862-1872 to pay for the Civil War, but was replaced by a tariff (a tax on imported goods that raises prices for consumers to advantage domestic producers). The federal income tax (a 2% flat tax on incomes above $4,000, including corporate income) was revived by Congress in the Income Tax Act of 1894, which the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional in 1895 in Pollack v. Farmers’ Loan & Trust. In a 5-4 decision, the justices ruled that federal taxes on personal income are “direct taxes,” a class of taxes that Article I, Section 2, Clause 3 of the Constitution requires be “equally apportioned among the states according to population.” Thus, imposing personal income taxes equally among states is “obviously impossible,” because state populations vary widely and fluctuate from year to year.
Because corporate income taxes were considered excise taxes (taxes on the sale, or production for sale, of specific goods), the Supreme Court’s ruling did not apply to them. In a June 16, 1909 address to Congress, President William Howard Taft proposed simultaneous actions: a constitutional amendment allowing the federal government to levy a personal income tax and a separate federal tax on corporate income. The Corporation Excise Tax Act of 1909 imposed a 1% tax on corporate income above $5,000. On Feb. 3, 1913, Congress passed the 16th Amendment, giving Congress the “power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States.”
From 1909 – the first year the federal government levied a separate corporate income tax – to 1935, corporations paid a fixed percentage of their income in taxes regardless of how much they made (although taxes were usually exempted for the first several thousand dollars). From 1936 forward, the number of federal corporate income tax brackets has varied from one to eight.
On June 6, 2021, the G7 (Canada, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom) approved a global minimum tax rate of at least 15% for multinational companies. While the measure faces a long road to implementation, it was immediately applauded and criticized from all angles. On July 1, 2021, 130 countries and jurisdictions representing more than 90% of the global GDP agreed to an international taxation plan that would include a global minimum corporate tax rate of 15%.
PRO
- Raising the corporate income tax rate would make taxes fairer.
- Raising the corporate income tax rate would force companies to invest in the United States, rather than overseas.
- Raising the corporate income tax rate would allow the federal government to pay for much-needed social and infrastructure programs.
CON
- Raising the rate corporate income tax rate would lower wages and increase costs for everyday people.
- Raising the corporate income tax rate would force companies to take headquarters and earnings overseas.
- Raising the corporate income tax rate would weaken the economy.
This article was published on November 19, 2021, at Britannica’s ProCon.org, a nonpartisan issue-information source.