George Washington’s Achievements

Military life called to Washington from an young age. His background as a surveyor gave him knowledge of the land, an asset when Virginia’s Lieutenant Governor Robert Dinwiddie needed an emissary to travel to French outposts in the Ohio Valley in 1753. Washington made the difficult trip and delivered the ultimatum that the French leave the lands claimed by the British crown, a demand that they refused. Dinwiddie promoted Washington to lieutenant colonel upon his return and sent him to help reinforce a fort at what later became Pittsburgh. On the way Washington realized an opportunity to attack the French at a fort they had taken over and renamed Fort Duquesne. This 1754 attack, which Washington’s company successfully carried out with the help of Indian allies, began the French and Indian War. Washington was made a full colonel, though he resigned his commission in 1755 in protest of underpayment of colonial officers. He changed his mind, however, when British General Edward Braddock offered him a role as his aide-de-camp. Dinwiddie named Washington commander in chief of all Virginia forces after Braddock was killed in battle in July. Washington served in this leadership role until 1758, when he resigned in order to return to Mount Vernon and to serve in Virginia’s House of Burgesses.

Growing revolutionary sentiment in the colonies did not escape Washington’s notice, even as he lived a contented life on his plantation. As tensions increased because of events such as the Boston Tea Party and the Boston Massacre, Washington grew sympathetic to the cause. Virginia legislators chose him as one of their seven delegates to the First Continental Congress, which met in Philadelphia on September 5, 1774. Washington supported several of the petitions to the British crown. In 1775 Washington was selected as a delegate to the Second Continental Congress.

When the Second Continental Congress met in May 1775, fighting had already broken out in what would become the American Revolution, starting with clashes between British troops and American minutemen at Lexington and Concord. Delegates prioritized choosing a leader for colonial military forces, and Washington’s experience in battle and his calm, steady leadership made him the unanimous choice. On July 3, 1775, he took command of the army in Boston. Though the continental army was plagued during the entire war with shortages of supplies and funds as well as desertion and low morale, Washington’s leadership slowly helped turn the tide in the Americans’ favor. In October 1776 Washington’s troops suffered a major defeat when British general William Howe’s troops drove them from New York and established camps in New Jersey. Washington’s men later set up camp along the Delaware River in Pennsylvania. British and Hessian (German) soldiers were camped on the opposite bank. On the night of December 25 the colonial troops crossed the freezing river in the dark to ambush the British and Hessians in Trenton, New Jersey. The colonial victory prompted Congress to grant Washington powers such as raising troops, garnering supplies from the states, and appointing officers. The years of the war were arduous, with a number of victories and defeats for the Americans, but Washington kept the confidence of the army and the American people with his keen strategic instincts and ability to instill discipline upon the often disorganized continental forces. Support from the French army further bolstered the Americans, and together, under Washington’s detailed battle plan, they coordinated a multifaceted attack on the British at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781. British General Lord Cornwallis finally surrendered on October 19. The Siege of Yorktown virtually ended military operations in the American Revolution.

Upon the end of the war, Washington resigned his commission and returned to Mount Vernon. He was unable to ignore the chaos involved in establishing governance for the new states. The Articles of Confederation, which had served as the initial template for the states, proved to be weak, and leaders called for a constitutional convention in order to draft a better plan for the government. Chosen as one of Virginia’s five delegates to the Constitutional Convention, Washington was chosen as the convention’s president in 1787. For four months he led the convention, mostly staying silent in order to observe the many debates but ready to insist on order or encourage compromise. When the U.S. Constitution was drafted he helped convince the states to ratify it.

Washington received unanimous support to become the first president of the United States. Both of the political parties that had debated over the Constitution supported him, and he was well respected not just in America but also throughout Europe. Though he was hesitant to accept the presidency, he did so through a sense of duty. On April 30, 1789, he was inaugurated as the first president in New York City, which was then serving as the country’s capital, and delivered his First Inaugural Address. For his first cabinet he chose Thomas Jefferson as secretary of state, Alexander Hamilton as secretary of the treasury, Henry Knox as secretary of war, and Edmund Jennings Randolph as attorney general. With these four leaders Washington balanced the advice he would receive from both dominant political parties, but he tended to side with Hamilton, who shared his goal of strengthening the authority of the federal government. A popular president during his two terms, Washington knew that many wanted him to seek a third term, but he chose to step down, delivering a Farewell Address on September 19, 1796. He retired in March 1797 to Mount Vernon.