Kolkata, formerly Calcutta , City (pop., 2011 prelim.: city, 4,486,679; metro. area, 14,112,536), capital of West Bengal state, northeastern India. India’s second largest metropolitan area, it is located on the Hugli (Hooghly) River about 96 mi (154 km) from the river’s mouth. The English East India Company established a trading centre at the site in 1690, which grew and became the seat of the British province called the Bengal Presidency. It was captured by the nawab (local ruler) of Bengal, who in 1756 imprisoned a number of British there (in a prison known as the Black Hole of Calcutta); the city was retaken by the British under Robert Clive. It became the capital (1772–1911) of British India and was an extremely busy 19th-century commercial centre, but it began to decline with the removal of the colonial capital to Delhi in 1911. The decline continued when Bengal was partitioned between India and Pakistan in 1947 and when Bangladesh was created in 1971. The flood of refugees from those political upheavals boosted the city’s population but also significantly added to its widespread poverty. Despite its problems, Kolkata remains the dominant urban area of eastern India and a major educational and cultural centre.
