Oman , officially Sultanate of Oman formerly Muscat and Oman, Country, Middle East, southwestern Asia. It is on the southeast coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Area: 119,498 sq mi (309,500 sq km). Population: (2024 est.) 5,274,000. Capital: Muscat. The Omanis are predominantly Arab and tribal in organization. There are also many migrant workers from South Asia and eastern Africa who reside there. Languages: Arabic (official), others. Religions: Islam (official); also Hinduism, Christianity. Currency: Omani rial. Oman is a hot, arid country with high humidity along the coast. The Ḥajar Mountains parallel the shore of the Gulf of Oman, reaching an elevation of more than 10,000 ft (3,000 m). A broad expanse of sandy desert covers much of the country. Oman has a developing mixed economy, and the production and export of petroleum is its largest sector. It is a hereditary monarchy, with two advisory bodies; its head of state and government is the sultan. Human habitation dates to about the 3rd millennium bce. The Omani tribal system dates to Arab migration during the 2nd century ce. It was ruled by imams (Muslim religious leaders) of the Ibādī sect from the early Islamic period (mid-8th century) until the 12th century, when local rule was established. The Portuguese controlled the coastal areas c. 1507–1650, when they were expelled. The Āl Bū Saʿīd, a dynasty founded in the mid-18th century, still rules Oman. The kingdom expanded into eastern Africa in the 18th–19th century, where its capital was at Zanzibar. Oil was discovered in 1964. In 1970 the sultan was deposed by his son, who began a policy of modernization, and under him Oman joined the Arab League and the United Nations. In the Persian Gulf War, Oman cooperated with the forces allied against Iraq. It subsequently continued to expand its foreign relations.
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