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The Portuguese populate their island colonies off the coast of western Africa largely with enslaved Black Africans. The Portuguese also take many African captives back to Portugal.
c. 1500
Spain and Portugal begin establishing colonies in the New World. Large parts of the Caribbean will be depopulated during the European conquest. Increasingly, captives will be shipped from Africa to replace the enslaved Indians.
1600s
transatlantic slave tradeSlave traders transfer captives to a ship along the western coast of Africa. The Africans will be transported across the Atlantic Ocean and enslaved in the Americas.
The first Africans in English America are brought to the Jamestown Colony in Virginia. (They had been carried on a Portuguese slave ship sailing from Angola to Veracruz, Mexico. While the Portuguese ship was sailing through the West Indies, it was attacked by a Dutch man-of-war and an English ship out of Jamestown. The two attacking ships captured about 50 enslaved persons—men, women, and children—and brought them to outposts of Jamestown, where more than 20 of the African captives were purchased.)
1700s
Middle Passage: shacklesSlave traders use shackles to restrain captured Africans on ships crossing the Atlantic to the Americas.
Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Washington, D.C. (object no. 2008.10.4)The largest numbers of enslaved Africans are taken to the Americas during this period, accounting for nearly three-fifths of the total volume of the transatlantic slave trade, according to historians’ estimates.
1780s
The peak of the transatlantic slave trade is reached. On average some 78,000 enslaved people are brought to the Americas each year of this decade. About half the captives are transported from Africa in ships of British merchants. French and Portuguese traders also transport significant numbers of enslaved people.
The British Library (Public Domain)In 1789 Olaudah Equiano publishes what many now consider to be the first significant work about an enslaved person’s life. The book is The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano; or, Gustavus Vassa, the African, Written by Himself. The book becomes well known for its graphic descriptions of the suffering endured by African captives on the transatlantic voyages and helps turn public opinion against the slave trade.
1807
Great Britain abolishes the slave trade with its colonies.
1808
The U.S. Congress bans the importation of slaves into the country.
1817–20
Portuguese slave shipThe Portuguese slave ship Diligente, which was engaged in the illegal slave trade, was captured by a British ship in 1838. It had 600 enslaved Africans on board. A sailor on the British ship painted this scene.
Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Washington, D.C. (object no. 2010.21.2ab)Spain signs a treaty with Britain in 1817 agreeing to abolish the slave trade. The Spanish ban on the slave trade takes effect in 1820, although illegal smuggling of enslaved persons into Spanish colonial possessions subsequently occurs.
1833–34
Great Britain passes the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833. The law, which takes effect in 1834, abolishes slavery in most British colonies, freeing more than 800,000 enslaved Africans in the Caribbean and South Africa as well as a small number in Canada. The Slavery Abolition Act does not explicitly refer to British North America, however. Its aim is rather to dismantle the large-scale plantation slavery that exists in Britain’s tropical colonies.
1839–41
What happened during the Amistad mutiny?Learn what happened during and after the uprising on the slave ship Amistad.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.The U.S. Navy seizes the Spanish slave ship Amistad off New York’s Long Island in 1839, and it is discovered that Africans on board have taken over the ship and have killed several members of its crew. Despite attempts by U.S. President Martin Van Buren to send the mutineers to Cuba, abolitionists demand a trial, contending the men are free under international law. A federal judge agrees in the case, and the government appeals to the Supreme Court, where in 1841 defending counsel John Quincy Adams successfully argues that the men should be freed. Donations help the surviving Amistad rebels to return to Sierra Leone.
1850
Brazil outlaws the slave trade. As slavery remains legal in the country, however, the smuggling of enslaved Africans into Brazil continues for several more decades.
1861–65
Thirteenth AmendmentThe Thirteenth Amendment (1865) to the Constitution of the United States formally abolished slavery.
NARADuring the American Civil War (1861–65) a Northern blockade of the Confederate states prevents Caribbean smugglers from importing enslaved Africans. The Emancipation Proclamation, issued by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, declares that the enslaved people in the Southern states are free. The Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution formally abolishes slavery in 1865. However, many former Confederate states continue to enact laws that keep Blacks subservient to whites.
