Sharīʿah , Legal and moral code of Islam, systematized in the early centuries of the Muslim era (8th–9th century ad). It rests on four bases: the Qurʾān; the sunna, as recorded in the Ḥadīth; ijma, or agreement among scholars; and qiya, or analogical reasoning. Sharīʿah differs fundamentally from Western law in that it purports to be grounded in divine revelation. Among modern Muslim countries, Saudi Arabia and Iran retain Sharīʿah as the law of the land, in both civil and criminal proceedings, but the legal codes of most other Muslim countries combine elements of Islamic and Western law where necessary. Most Islamic fundamentalist groups insist that Muslim countries should be governed by Sharīʿah.
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