CIGS solar cell

CIGS solar cell, thin-film photovoltaic device that uses semiconductor layers of copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) to absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity. Although CIGS solar cells are considered to be in the early stages of large-scale commercialization, they can be produced by using a process that has the potential to reduce the cost of producing photovoltaic devices. As the performance, uniformity, and reliability of CIGS products improve, the technology has the potential to expand its market share significantly and may eventually become a “disruptive” technology. Additionally, given the hazards of cadmium extraction and use, CIGS solar cells offer fewer health and environmental concerns than the cadmium telluride solar cells with which they compete.

CIGS solar cells feature a thin film of copper indium selenide and copper gallium selenide and a trace amount of sodium. That CIGS film acts as a direct bandgap semiconductor and forms a heterojunction, as the bandgaps of the two different materials are unequal. The thin-film cell is deposited onto a substrate, such as soda-lime glass, metal, or a polyamide film, to form the rear surface contact. If a nonconductive material is chosen for the substrate, a metal such as molybdenum is used as a conductor. The front surface contact must be able to conduct electricity and be transparent to allow light to reach the cell. Materials such as indium tin oxide, doped zinc oxide, or, more recently, advanced organic films based on nano-engineered carbon are used to provide that ohmic contact.

The cells are designed so that light enters through the transparent front ohmic contact and is absorbed into the CIGS layer. There electron-hole pairs are formed. A “depletion region” is formed at the heterojunction of the p- and n-type materials of the cadmium-doped surface of the CIGS cell. That separates the electrons from the holes and allows them to generate an electrical current (see also solar cell). In 2014, laboratory experiments produced a record efficiency of 23.2 percent by a CIGS cell with a modified surface structure. However, commercial CIGS cells have lower efficiencies, with most modules attaining about 14 percent conversion.

During the manufacturing process, the deposition of CIGS films onto a substrate is frequently done in a vacuum, using either an evaporative or a sputtering process. Copper, gallium, and indium are deposited in turn and annealed with a selenide vapour, resulting in the final CIGS structure. Deposition can be done without a vacuum, using nanoparticles or electroplating, though those techniques require more development to be economically efficient at a large-scale. Novel approaches are being developed that are more similar to printing technologies than traditional silicon solar-cell fabrication. In one process, a printer lays droplets of semiconducting ink onto an aluminum foil. A subsequent printing process deposits additional layers and the front contact on top of that layer; the foil is then cut into sheets.

CIGS solar cells can be manufactured on flexible substrates, which makes them suited for a variety of applications for which current crystalline photovoltaics and other rigid products are not suitable. For example, flexible CIGS solar cells give architects a greater range of possibilities in styling and design. CIGS solar cells are also a fraction of the weight of silicon cells and can be manufactured without glass to be shatter-resistant. They can be integrated into vehicles such as tractor trailers, airplanes, and cars, as their low profile minimizes air resistance and they do not add significant weight.