construction

Construction methods can vary dramatically throughout the world, so one must be aware of local construction methods and resource availability before concluding whether a particular earthquake-resistant design will be practical and realistic for the region.

While masonry and brick were employed in lighthouse construction, concrete and steel were the most widely used materials. Structurally well suited and reasonably cheap, concrete especially lent itself to aesthetically pleasing designs for shore-based lighthouses.

Construction of pipelines involves route survey, ditching or trenching, transporting the pipes, fittings, and other materials to the site, stringing the pipes along the ditch, bending steel pipes in the field to suit local topography, applying coating and wrapping to steel pipes, joining pipes…

Ideally, a railroad should be built in a straight line, over level ground, between large centres of trade and travel. In practice, this ideal is rarely approached. The location engineer, faced with the terrain to be traversed, must balance the cost of construction against…

After the road has been approved and financing found, surveyors define its three-dimensional location on the ground. Forming of the in-situ material to its required shape and installation of the underground drainage system can then begin. Imported pavement material is placed on the natural…