full-cell process

full-cell process, method of impregnating wood with preservatives, devised in the 19th century by the U.S. inventor John Bethell. It involves sealing the wood in a pressure chamber and applying a vacuum in order to remove air and moisture from the wood cells. The wood is then pressure-treated with preservatives in order to impregnate the full wood cell (that is, the cell wall as well as the lumen, or interior) with substances that impart resistance to decay, fire, insects, and wood-boring marine animals. The full-cell process is still used today with a variety of preservatives, including coal-tar substances such as creosote, oil-based chemicals such as pentachlorophenol (PCP), and aqueous solutions of compounds such as chromated copper arsenate (CCA), ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA), and copper azole (CA-B). Creosote, PCP, and CCA are used on heavy structural members such as railroad ties, utility poles, marine pilings, and bridge timbers; ACZA and CA-B are used on common structural lumber.