life-support system
life-support system, any mechanical device that enables a person to live and usually work in an environment such as outer space or underwater in which he could not otherwise function or survive for any appreciable amount of time. Life-support systems provide all or some of the elements essential for maintaining physical well being, as for example oxygen, nutrients, water, disposal of body wastes, and control of temperature and pressure. The danger of contaminants and psychological factors must also be considered. Life-support systems are designed not only to enable survival in inhospitable environments but also to obviate the extreme difficulty people sometimes have in working under such conditions; thus life-support systems promote comfort, efficiency, and safety as well.
The development of life-support systems can be traced to the work of Paul Bert, a 19th-century French physiologist, engineer, and physician. During the 1870s Bert conceptualized the basic principle of using supplementary oxygen to supply balloonists and mountain climbers who had ascended beyond the levels at which the oxygen in air is sufficient for breathing. Two of Bert’s colleagues took a supply of about 150 litres of 70 percent oxygen on a balloon flight in 1875; but they failed to use it soon enough, and only one of the two survived. On this flight the oxygen was stored at ambient pressure in “goldbeater’s bags” (made from cow’s intestines) and was to be inhaled by mouth tube through a humidifier containing an aromatic liquid whose purpose was both to humidify the gas and to counteract the odour of the bags. Bert also designed a tank and regulator system with a capacity of 330 litres whereby mountain climbers could breathe oxygen near the peak on their ascent.
Since Bert’s pioneering efforts, various kinds of sophisticated life-support systems have been developed. They include the pressurized cabins and auxiliary environmental control mechanisms of high-altitude aircraft, spacecraft, and submarines and other submersibles. Examples of personal life-support devices are the pressure suits and extravehicular activity (EVA) backpacks (i.e., portable systems that contain cooling fluid, oxygen flow and recirculation equipment, waste containment unit, power source, and communications apparatus) worn by astronauts when working outside of their spacecraft; the self-contained underwater breathing equipment (scuba gear) used by divers; and the protective garments and breathing systems employed by firefighters. Another variety of devices that are sometimes classified as life-support systems include the anesthesia machine and the incubator unit (apparatus for housing premature or sick babies) utilized in hospitals.