In the section Development of voiceband modems, it is noted that the maximum data rate that can be transmitted over the local telephone loop is about 56 Kbps. This assumes that the local loop is to be used only for direct access to the long-distance PSTN. However, if digital information is intended to be switched not through the telephone network but rather over other networks, then much higher data rates may be transmitted over the local loop using purely digital methods. These purely digital methods are known collectively as digital subscriber line (DSL) systems. DSL systems carry digital signals over the twisted-pair local loop using methods analogous to those used in the T1 digital carrier system to transmit 1.544 Mbps in one direction through the telephone network.
The first DSL was the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), developed during the 1980s. In ISDN systems a 160-Kbps signal is transmitted over the local loop using a four-level signal format known as 2B1Q, for “two bits per quaternary signal.” The 160-Kbps signal is broken into two “B” channels of 64 Kbps each, one “D” channel of 16 Kbps, and one signaling channel of 16 Kbps to permit both ends of the ISDN local loop to be initialized and synchronized. ISDN systems are deployed in many parts of the world. In many cases they are used to provide digital telephone services, although these systems may also provide 64-Kbps or 128-Kbps access to the Internet with the use of an adapter card. However, because such data rates are not significantly higher than those offered by 56-Kbps V.90 voiceband modems, ISDN is not widely used for Internet access.
High-bit-rate DSL, or HDSL, was developed in about 1990, employing some of the same technology as ISDN. HDSL uses 2B1Q modulation to transmit up to 1.544 Mbps over two twisted-pair lines. In practice, HDSL systems are used to provide users with low-cost T1-type access to the telephone central office. Both ISDN and HDSL systems are symmetric; i.e., the upstream and downstream data rates are identical.
Asymmetric DSL, or ADSL, was developed in the early 1990s, originally for video-on-demand services over the telephone local loop. Unlike HDSL or ISDN, ADSL is designed to provide higher data rates downstream than upstream—hence the designation “asymmetric.” In general, downstream rates range from 1.5 to 9 Mbps and upstream rates from 16 to 640 Kbps, using a single twisted-pair wire. ADSL systems are currently most often used for high-speed access to an Internet service provider (ISP), though regular telephone service is also provided simultaneously with the data service. At the local telephone office, a DSL access multiplexer, or DSLAM, statistically multiplexes the data packets transmitted over the ADSL system in order to provide a more efficient link to the Internet. At the customer’s premises, an ADSL modem usually provides one or more Ethernet jacks capable of line rates of either 10 Mbps or 100 Mbps.
In 1999 the ITU standardized two ADSL systems. The first system, designated G.991.1 or G.DMT, specifies data delivery at rates up to 8 Mbps on the downstream and 864 Kbps on the upstream. The modulation method is known as discrete multitone (DMT), a method in which data is sent over a large number of small individual carriers, each of which uses QAM modulation (described above in Development of voiceband modems). By varying the number of carriers actually used, DMT modulation may be made rate-adaptive, depending upon the channel conditions. G.991.1 systems require the use of a “splitter” at the customer’s premises to filter and separate the analog voice channel from the high-speed data channel. Usually the splitter has to be installed by a technician; to avoid this expense a second ADSL standard was developed, variously known as G.991.2, G.lite, or splitterless ADSL. This second standard also uses DMT modulation to achieve the same rates as G.991.1. In place of the splitter, user-installable filters are required for each telephone set in the home.
Unlike cable modems, ADSL modems use a dedicated telephone line between the customer and the central office, so the delivered bandwidth equals the bandwidth actually available. However, ADSL systems may be installed only on local loops less than 5,400 metres (18,000 feet) long and therefore are not available to homes located farther from a central office. Other versions of DSL have been announced to provide even higher rate services over shorter local loops. For instance, very high data rate DSL, or VDSL, can provide up to 15 Mbps over a single twisted wire pair up to 1,500 metres (5,000 feet) long.
David E. Borth