123Movies

123Movies, defunct movie and television show streaming website that enabled users to watch and download media for free in the 2010s. The site operated under numerous domain names during its existence, including 123movies.to, 0123movies.net, and 123movies.la, and went by several names, including GoStream, GoMovies, and MeMovies. The service operated out of Vietnam.

Called “the most popular illegal site in the world” by Jan van Voorn, executive vice president of the Motion Picture Association of America (now Motion Picture Association), 123Movies was estimated to have 98 million visitors a month before it was forced to shut down during a criminal investigation in March 2018. It is believed that 123Movies launched in 2015. In 2016 Hollywood industry executives began keeping tabs on the site, along with several other sites and services that promoted the illegal distribution of movies and television shows. That year executives included 123Movies on a list of notorious pirate markets in a report made to the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR). In March 2017 Ted Osius, the U.S. ambassador to Vietnam, met with Truong Minh Tuan, Vietnam’s minister of information and communications, to encourage Vietnamese authorities to investigate and prosecute the site’s operators.

After 123Movies shut down in 2018, visitors to some of the original domain names, including 123movies.la, were instead sent to a portal page for the Alliance for Creativity and Entertainment (ACE) informing them that the original site was no longer available due to copyright infringement and redirecting them to ACE’s main site after a brief countdown. ACE was founded in 2017 by a network of American media and entertainment companies to combat piracy and protect creators, their works, and consumers.

In the years since 123Movies was shut down, numerous third-party copycat sites, also called mirror sites or clone sites, began to appear online. They operate under similar domain names, including 123movies.sc, 123moviesfree.net, and 123movies.com.pk. Like the original 123Movies sites, the copycat sites use cybersecurity services such as Cloudflare to hide their identities and often include viruses and malware that are harmful to users’ devices.

A 2023 special report by the USTR included a change to the Vietnamese intellectual property code that took effect in January of that year, categorizing the illegal uploading and streaming of cinematographic works as “a violation of communication rights.” The code further stated that even copying part of a work would be considered “reproduction.” The report also noted that though Vietnamese criminal law provides for imposing sizable fines and incarcerating copyright infringement offenders, there had been “almost no criminal investigations or prosecutions.”

Although Vietnam is still on the USTR’s watch list, the country is not currently on the priority watch list. As of November 2023 there were still more than 20 active 123Movie copycat sites.