Advent calendar
Advent calendar, type of calendar used to count down the days leading up to Christmas, typically starting on December 1 and ending on December 24 or 25. Many contemporary Advent calendars are marked with a compartment, flap, or door that can be opened to reveal a surprise, such as a small gift, piece of candy, toy, image, or message.
Advent
Advent calendars are usually a secular holiday tradition, but they originate from Christian customs as a way to prepare spiritually for Christmas. Advent (from Latin adventus, “coming”), in the Christian church calendar, is the period of preparation for the celebration of the birth of Jesus Christ at Christmas and also of preparation for the Second Coming of Christ. In Western churches, Advent begins on the Sunday nearest to November 30 (St. Andrew’s Day) and is the beginning of the liturgical year. (It should be noted that most commercial Advent calendars do not cover the entirety of the Advent season, as the length changes every year. Instead they begin on December 1.) The date when Advent was first observed is uncertain, though some sources believe it dates to the 4th century ce when it was a period of preparation for the baptism of new Christians during Epiphany in January. By the Middle Ages, Advent had become associated with Christmas.
Advent in the church
Many churches and Christian homes mark the four Sundays of the season with an Advent wreath, which consists of four candles—typically three violet and one rose-colored—surrounded by greenery or other decorations. The first candle is lit the first Sunday of Advent, often with a prayer or devotion, and the following week the first and second candles are lit, and so on. The tradition, which began in the 19th century but had roots in the 16th, originally involved a fir wreath with 24 candles (the 24 days before Christmas, starting December 1), but the awkwardness of having so many candles on the wreath reduced the number to four. The candles are often said to symbolize hope, peace, joy, and love, respectively.
Early Advent calendars
The analogous, usually secular, custom of the Advent calendar began in the 19th century. According to tradition, it was created by a Munich housewife who tired of having to answer endlessly when Christmas would come. Although the origins beginning with the housewife are debatable, German Protestants are known to have at this time counted down the days until Christmas through such activities as lighting a candle, placing a straw in a Nativity crib, ticking walls or doors with chalk, or hanging a devotional image on the wall. Sometime in the early 20th century the first commercially printed calendars appeared. The German publisher Gerhard Lang is credited with adding small doors in the 1920s, behind which were pictures; other publishers later included Bible verses. Lang had been inspired by his mother, who, during his childhood, sewed either 24 cookies or 24 pictures, depending on the source, on cardboard and allowed him to eat (or look at) one each day during Advent.
Advent calendars are spread worldwide
The printing of Advent calendars was paused during World War II, when paper was rationed, and the Nazi Party banned the printing of calendars with images. By the end of the war, a few publishers, including Richard Sellmer, whose calendars continue to be sold in the 21st century, began printing traditional Advent calendars again, and returning service members brought them back to the United States and elsewhere around the globe. The introduction of chocolate behind the closed doors apparently began in the 1950s.
Advent calendars in the 21st century
In the 21st century Advent calendars grew beyond their traditional association with children as companies began selling sample sizes (and later full sizes) of their products in festive packaging. Today adults can count down the days to Christmas with specialty Advent calendars that contain such items as beauty products, gourmet foods, beverages, jewelry, or fitness gear.