Nationalism and patriotism, while often used interchangeably, have distinct origins, meanings, and implications. Patriotism is a feeling of attachment and commitment to a country, nation, or political community, and its conception has roots tracing back to Greek and Roman antiquity. It is associated with the love of law and common liberty, the search for the common good, and the duty to behave justly toward one’s country. Nationalism, on the other hand, is a more modern ideology that emerged in the 18th century, focusing on the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state, often surpassing other individual or group interests.

Patriotism traditionally involves a civic spirit and a willingness to sacrifice for the common liberty of a political community. It is often linked to political virtues and the preservation of political liberty. Nationalism, however, is more about a spiritual attachment to the nation, emphasizing cultural unity and distinctiveness. It often involves a desire for a separate and independent nation, driven by a shared culture, history, and language. This can sometimes lead to a belief in the superiority of one’s nation over others, which is a key distinction from patriotism.

In contemporary contexts, patriotism is sometimes seen as a unifying force that can support democratic societies by fostering a sense of solidarity among citizens. Nationalism, however, can be divisive, as it often emphasizes differences between nations and can lead to conflicts over territory and cultural dominance. Critics argue that nationalism can give rise to chauvinism and is incompatible with cosmopolitan aspirations and the recognition of equal moral worth among all humans.