One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest
One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, debut novel by Ken Kesey, first published in 1962.
At a Veterans Administration hospital in Menlo Park, California, Kesey had been a paid volunteer and experimental subject, taking mind-altering drugs such as LSD and recording their effects, and this experience and his work as an aide at the hospital served as fodder for this novel, his best-known work, which is set in a mental hospital.
The book’s film adaptation (1975), starring Jack Nicholson as the main character, became the first movie since It Happened One Night (1934) to win all five major Academy Awards: best picture, best actor (Nicholson), best actress (Louise Fletcher), best director (Miloš Forman), and best adapted screenplay (Bo Goldman and Lawrence Hauben).
Written while Kesey was a student in Wallace Stegner’s creative writing program at Stanford University, the novel depicts a mental asylum in which repeated attempts to diagnose the patients as insane are conceived as part of a larger scheme to produce pliant, docile subjects across the United States. A key text for the antipsychiatry movement of the 1960s, with its brutal descriptions of w, it addresses the relationship between sanity and madness, conformity and rebellion. The novel remains finely balanced throughout. It is never clear, for example, whether the so-called “Combine” is, in actuality, a boundless authority designed to ensure social control across the whole population, or a projection of the narrator Chief Bromden’s paranoid imagination. Also, the question of whether insanity, to quote R.D. Laing, “might very well be a state of health in a mad world,” or at least an appropriate form of social rebellion, is raised but never quite answered.
Bromden is known as “Chief Broom” because he constantly sweeps the floor of the ward, an activity that allows him to observe everything that goes on while being largely ignored himself. Into the sterile, hermetically sealed world of the asylum wanders Randall P. McMurphy, a modern-day “cowboy” with a “sideshow swagger” who disrupts the ward’s smooth running and challenges the near total authority of the steely Nurse Mildred Ratched, also known as “Big Nurse.” The novel takes its title from an old English nursery rhyme about the migration of geese, the freest of birds, and just so McMurphy proclaims himself to be the freest of men, despite his present circumstances; for her part, Nurse Ratched is bent on reducing him to an obedient automaton. Insofar as McMurphy’s acts of rebellion assume mostly self-interested forms, the novel’s efforts at political mobilization fall short, and there remains something uneasy about its racial and gender politics. It takes the “cowboy” McMurphy to save the “Indian” Bromden and, in the era of civil rights and feminism, the white male patients are painted as “victims of a matriarchy,” ably supported by a cabal of Black orderlies.
In the end, Kesey’s attempts to come to grips with the amorphous nature of modern power—a power not necessarily tied to leaders or even institutions—make this a prescient, foreboding work. If McMurphy’s fate is what awaits those who push too hard against the system, then Bromden’s sanity depends on not turning a blind eye to injustice and exploitation.