United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission
United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC), successor commission to the United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM), charged with disarming Iraq of its weapons of mass destruction and monitoring Iraq’s compliance with United Nations-mandated weapons restrictions. The United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) was established by the United Nations Security Council in 1999 and remained active until 2007.
The Iran-Iraq War in the 1980s and the Persian Gulf War of 1991 were followed by nearly a decade of efforts by UNSCOM to address Iraq’s weapons program. During that time the international community was particularly concerned about Iraq’s ability to develop chemical and biological weapons. The Iraqi government was often uncooperative with UNSCOM’s inspections, and on September 15, 1998, the Iraqi parliament voted to cease cooperation with the commission altogether. On December 17, 1999, the UN Security Council passed UNSC Resolution 1284, which created UNMOVIC.
Building on the work of UNSCOM, the mandate for this new commission was twofold: to disarm Iraq of its unconventional weapons or weapons of mass destruction, which included chemical weapons, biological weapons, and missiles with a range greater than 90 miles (150 km), and to establish a system of monitoring and verification to ensure Iraq’s compliance with UN restrictions and prevent future acquisition of prohibited weapons by the Iraqi government.
UNMOVIC was headed by an executive chairman supported by a 16-member College of Commissioners comprising weapons specialists, analysts, scientists, engineers, and operational planners. Hans Blix was nominated for the position of executive chairman of the commission by UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan and confirmed by the UN Security Council in January 2000. UNMOVIC was financed by the UN oil-for-food program.
Despite the creation of UNMOVIC, inspections in Iraq did not resume until the UN Security Council adopted UNSC Resolution 1441 in November 2002. This resolution chastised Iraq for its continued noncompliance with UNMOVIC. It also insisted that UN inspectors be granted unrestricted access to sites of their choosing throughout the country to confirm Iraq’s compliance with disarmament requirements.
During the approximately four months UNMOVIC was able to operate in Iraq, inspectors made unannounced visits to approximately 350 sites and were in most cases granted immediate access. Interviews with officials and scientists were also carried out. Approximately 70 missiles with ranges that exceeded the 90-mile limit were found and destroyed, but UNMOVIC did not find evidence of banned chemical, biological, or nuclear weapons or of any programs to produce banned weapons.
The UNMOVIC inspectors were withdrawn from Iraq on March 18, 2003, just prior to the U.S. invasion that began the Iraq War (2003–11). Blix stepped down as the executive chairman of UNMOVIC on June 30, 2003, and was replaced by Dimitri Perricos. On June 29, 2007, the UN Security Council adopted resolution 1762, officially ending UNMOVIC’s mandate.
