cooperation

…argue that humans consistently exhibit cooperative and altruistic behaviours, which belie an overreliance on the assumption of opportunism found in much economic literature. Moreover, they argue that opportunism is greatly reduced when individuals are part of an organization with a shared purpose, such as a firm. Indeed, some of the…

…significant is the element of cooperation as part of a group whose social cohesion in warfare, hunting, or ritual was probably necessary if the group was to survive and prosper.

…characterized by division of labour, cooperation, altruism, and a great many individuals aiding the reproduction of a relative few. The most widely recognized forms of social behaviour, however, involve interaction within aggregations or groups of individuals. Social behaviours, their adaptive value, and their underlying mechanisms are of primary interest to…

…in sociality focus on how cooperation increases an individual’s genetic legacy, either by increasing its ability to produce offspring directly or by increasing the number of offspring produced by relatives.

…likelihood of receiving aid or cooperation in the future. Models indicating the role of reputation in sustaining altruism have been proposed as solutions to the “tragedy of the commons,” a key explanation for why gaining the cooperation needed to protect and sustain public resources (such as biological diversity, air and…

Group membership may also permit cooperation in defense against predators. An insect example of cooperative defense against predators is an Australian sawfly (family Pergidae); its larvae aggregate on leaves and jointly regurgitate noxious substances when attacked. A well-known mammalian example is the circle formation of musk oxen (Ovibos moschatus) in…