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cryptology
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Vigenère table letter frequency analysis of a Vigenère cipher ADFGVX cipher U.S. Army cipher disk Enigma Hagelin M-209 cipher machine
Learn about William Friedman, who sought to prove that Sir Francis Bacon wrote Shakespeare's plays
Purple cipher machine Jade cipher machine DES flow diagram
Quizzes
A botanical illustration from the Voynich manuscript, a codex, scientific or magical text in an unidentified language, in cipher; end of the 15th or during the 16th century (?).
Codes, Secrets, and Ciphers Quiz
Related Questions
Read Next
Navajo Code Talkers Infographic. World War II. United States. Japan.
Navajo Code Talkers Infographic
Discover
A Factory Interior, watercolor, pen and gray ink, graphite, and white goache on wove paper by unknown artist, c. 1871-91; in the Yale Center for British Art. Industrial Revolution England
Inventors and Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
Thanksgiving Turkey with all the sides
Why Do We Eat Turkey on Thanksgiving?
An ancient egyptian hieroglyphic painted carving showing the falcon headed god Horus seated on a throne and holding a golden fly whisk. Before him are the Pharoah Seti and the goddess Isis. Interior wall of the temple to Osiris at Abydos, Egypt.
11 Egyptian Gods and Goddesses
Close up of books. Stack of books, pile of books, literature, reading. Homepage 2010, arts and entertainment, history and society
12 Novels Considered the “Greatest Book Ever Written”
Title: Senate Square, St. Petersburg, December 14, 1825: repression of the troop mutiny - watercolor by Carl Ivanovitch Kollman, 1825 depicts Decembrist uprising clashing with cavalry, with spectators watching. (new style December 26, 1825) Europe. Saint
8 of the Largest Empires in History
Thanksgiving Celebration Traditional Dinner Setting Food Concept
Why Is Thanksgiving in the U.S. Celebrated on a Thursday?
Los Angeles Police Department wanted flyer on Elizabeth Short, aka the "Black Dahlia," who was brutally murdered in January 1947. The FBI supported the Los Angeles Police Department in the case, including by identifying Short through her fingerprints that
America’s 5 Most Notorious Cold Cases (Including One You May Have Thought Was Already Solved)

cryptology: Media

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Learn about William Friedman, who sought to prove that Sir Francis Bacon wrote Shakespeare's plays
An introduction to William F. Friedman, the breaker of the Japanese Purple code in...
Video: Courtesy of Folger Shakespeare Library; CC-BY-SA 4.0 (A Britannica Publishing Partner)

Images

Vigenère table
In encrypting plaintext, the cipher letter is found at the intersection of the column...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
letter frequency analysis of a Vigenère cipher
The text of this article was encrypted with a repeated-key Vigenère cipher—the key...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
ADFGVX cipher
The ADFGVX cipher, employed by the German army in World War I.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
U.S. Army cipher disk
United States Army cipher diskUsed...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc
Enigma
Enigma cipher machine of World War IIThe...
Hagelin M-209 cipher machine
Hagelin design M-209 U.S. cipher machine used for tactical communications during...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Purple cipher machine
Japanese Purple cipher machine of World War...
Jade cipher machine
Japanese Jade cipher machine of World War...
DES flow diagram

Flow diagram for the 16-step Data Encryption Standard (DES) operation.

From Data Encryption Standard, FIPS Publ. no. 46, National Bureau of Standards, 1977
VIEW MORE in these related Britannica articles: