Examine the Old Testament's The Book of Proverbs and other books through a literary lens
Examine the Old Testament's The Book of Proverbs and other books through a literary lens
The Bible As Literature, Part Two: History, Poetry, and Drama in the Old Testament. The second part of an examination of the Bible as literature, this film examines the books of Joshua, Samuel, and Kings as historical documents, the Book of Proverbs as lyric poetry, and the prophetical books as protest literature. It was produced in 1974 by Encyclopædia Britannica Educational Corporation.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Transcript
[Music in]
VOICE: Therefore is the name of it called Babel; because the Lord did there confound the language of all the earth. . . .
And the king said, "Bring me a sword." And they brought a sword before the king. And the kind said, "Divide the living child in two, and give half to the one, and half to the other. . . ."
And when the Queen of Sheba heard of the fame of Solomon . . . she came to Jerusalem. . . .
And your children shall wander in the wilderness forty years . . . even forty years . . . until your carcasses be wasted in the wilderness.
And when Samuel had caused all the tribes of Israel to come together . . . Saul the son of Kish was taken . . . And all the people shouted, and said, "God save the king."
[Music out]
NARRATOR: The historical books of the Old Testament--Joshua, Samuel, Kings--have proved to be accurate in many details, as modern research has shown. On ancient Assyrian tablets, accounts may be read which add to our knowledge of the events chronicled in biblical history.
ASSYRIAN: I besieged and captured Samaria and carried off 27,290 of its inhabitants as booty.
NARRATOR: The Assyrian is boastful, efficient, precise, and dull. The narrative style of the Old Testament is equally precise, but it is also superb.
[Music in]
VOICE: And there went out a champion of the camp of the Philistines, named Goliath, of Gath, whose height was six cubits and a span. And he had an helmet of brass upon his head, and he was armed with a coat of mail; and the weight of the coat was five thousand shekels. . . .
And every one that was in distress, and every one that was in debt, and every one that was discontented, gathered themselves unto David. . . .
NARRATOR: The historical narratives of the Old Testament speak to us of a large past--of conquering armies, besieged cities, of empires made desolate--yet the main literary interest rests in the marvelously drawn characters, who come suddenly to life in vivid prose and poetry. The first of the Jewish kings, Saul:
VOICE: And it came to pass, when the evil spirit from God was upon Saul, that David took a harp, and played with his hand: so Saul was refreshed, and was well. . . .
David . . . and Jonathan were lovely and pleasant in their lives, and in their death they were not divided: they were swifter than eagles, they were stronger than lions.
Now the king had at sea a navy of Tharshish . . . and once in three years came the navy of Tharshish, bringing gold and silver, ivory, and apes, and peacocks.
NARRATOR: But it is not kings and warriors alone who come vividly to life in the Old Testament. Hundreds of characters are literally unforgettable.
VOICE: And it came to pass in an eveningtide, that David arose from off his bed, and walked upon the roof of the king's house: and from the roof he saw a woman washing herself; and the woman was very beautiful to look upon. And David sent and enquired after the woman. And one said, "Is not this Bathsheba? . . ."
[Music out]
NARRATOR: Hebrew poetry, unlike most English poetry, has no regular meter and is not rhymed. Its chief characteristic is known technically as parallelism.
VOICE: How long wilt thou sleep, O sluggard? when wilt thou arise out of thy sleep?
NARRATOR: A thought is expressed in the first line and then reexpressed with a difference in the second.
VOICE: Yet a little sleep, a little slumber. . . .
NARRATOR: These lines are from the Book of Proverbs, an anthology of short poems. Two paintings by the great Flemish artist Pieter Brueghel provide perfect visual counterpart to the verse.
[Music in]
VOICE: Go to the ant, thou sluggard; consider her ways, and be wise: Which having no chief, overseer, or ruler, provideth her meat in the summer, and gathereth her food in the harvest. How long wilt thou sleep, O sluggard? when wilt thou arise out of thy sleep? Yet a little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to sleep: so shall thy poverty come as a robber, and thy want as an armed man.
NARRATOR: The poetry of the Old Testament was rarely art for art's sake. Its instructional purpose was nowhere more evident than in the great prophetical books [music out]. Here we find protest literature at its most eloquent. The biblical prophets--Amos, Jeremiah, Isaiah, others--were magnificent poets. But their chief concern was not with the techniques of poetry but with injustice. Often denounced as unpatriotic, often imprisoned, they nevertheless spoke out. Such a one was the prophet Jeremiah.
[Music in]
JEREMIAH: To whom shall I speak, and give warning, that they may hear? . . . Behold, the word of the Lord is unto them a reproach; they have no delight in it [music out]. Therefore I am full of the fury of the Lord; I am weary with holding in: I will pour it out upon the children abroad, and upon the assembly of young men together: for even the husband with the wife shall be taken, the aged with him that is full of days. And their houses shall be turned unto others, with their fields and wives together: "For I will stretch out my hand upon the inhabitants of the land," saith the Lord. "For . . . the least of them even unto the greatest of them every one is given to covetousness; and from the prophet even unto the priest every one dealeth falsely. They have healed also the hurt . . . of my people slightly, saying, Peace, peace; when there is no peace."
[Music in]
NARRATOR: The Bible as literature may be considered as saga, as in the story of the Creation, and as poetry, short story, history, and drama. The Book of Job, although not written as a formal drama, presents in dialogue form a story of great dramatic intensity.
VOICE: Job was an upright man, a perfect man, one that feared God and eschewed evil. Now, Satan one day taunted God, saying that Job loved Him because God had blessed him and made him rich, the greatest of all the children of the east. "But put forth thine hand now," Satan tells God, "and touch all that he hath, and Job will curse thee to thy face." And so God placed Job in Satan's power. A fire descended from heaven, burning up his sheep and servants. A great wind came from the wilderness, killing his seven sons and three daughters. And Satan smote him with sore boils from the sole of his foot unto his crown. And in all this, Job sinned not, nor charged God with foolishness.
NARRATOR: But Job's patience was not endless, as his three friends come to comfort him in his terrible misfortunes [music out] are to discover.
JOB: Let the day perish wherein I was born, and the night which said, "There is a man child conceived." Let that day be darkness.
ELIPHAZ: If one essay to commune with thee, wilt thou be grieved? Behold, happy is the man whom God correcteth, therefore despise not thou the chastening of the Almighty.
JOB: How forcible are the words of uprightness. Yea, ye would cast lots upon the fatherless, and make merchandise of your friend. Return, I pray you; let there be no injustice. Return again; my cause is righteous. Is there injustice on my tongue? I loathe my life and would not live always.
BILDAD: How long wilt thou speak these things? Doth God pervert judgment? Behold, he will not cast away a perfect man.
JOB: I am perfect, I regard not myself. I despise my life. It is all one, therefore I say God destroyeth the perfect and the wicked.
ZOPHAR: Should a wise man fill his belly with the east wind? And should thy boastings make men hold their peace?
JOB: Have pity on me, have pity on me, O my friends, for the hand of God has touched me!
ELIPHAZ: I have heard the reproof which putteth me to shame.
JOB: Hear diligently my speech. I am as one that is a laughingstock to his neighbor. A man that called upon God, the just, the perfect man, is a laughingstock. But the tents of robbers prosper, and they that provoke God are secure. How then comfort ye me, seeing in your answers there remaineth only falsehood?
ELIPHAZ: Shall vain words have an end? How can he be clean that was born of a woman? Behold, even the moon hath no brightness, and the stars are not pure in God's sight; how much less man, that is a worm, and the son of man, which is a worm?
JOB: God forbid that I should justify you. As God liveth, who hath taken away my right, I will not put away mine integrity from me.
ZOPHAR: I will teach you concerning the hand of God; that which is with the Almighty will I not conceal. Where shall wisdom be found? And where is the place of understanding? Man knoweth not the price thereof. It cannot be gotten for gold, neither shall silver be weighed for the price thereof. It cannot be valued with the gold of Ophir, with the precious onyx, or the sapphire. Gold and glass cannot equal it, neither shall the exchange thereof be jewels of fine gold. No mention shall be made of coral or of crystal; yea, the price of wisdom is above rubies. But the topaz of Ethiopia cannot equal it, neither shall it be valued with pure gold. Whence then cometh wisdom? And where is the place of understanding? God understandeth the way thereof, and he knoweth the place thereof. And unto man he said, "Behold, the fear of the Lord, that is wisdom, and to depart from evil is understanding."
JOB: Oh that I were as in the months of old, as in the days when God watched over me. As I went forth to the gate unto the city, the young men saw me and hid themselves, and the aged rose up and stood. Unto me men gave ear and waited, and kept silence for my counsel. And after my words they spoke not again. My speech dropped upon them, and they waited for me as for the rain. But now they that are younger than I have me in derision, whose fathers I disdained to set with the dogs of my flock. And now I am become their song, yea, I am a byword unto them. They abhor me, and spare not to spit in my face [music in]. For God hath loosed his cord and afflicted me. Did I not weep for him that was in trouble? Was not my soul grieved for the needy? But when I looked for good, evil came. Oh that I had one to hear me. Lo, here is my signature, let the Almighty answer me!
[Music out]
VOICE: Who is this that darkeneth counsel by words without knowledge? Where wast thou when I laid the foundations of the earth? Declare, if thou hast understanding. Who determined the measures thereof, if thou knowest? Whereupon were the foundations thereof fastened, when the morning stars sang together, and all the sons of God shouted for joy? Declare, if thou knowest it all. Where is the way to the dwelling of light, and as for darkness, where is the place thereof? Doubtless thou knowest, for the number of thy days is great. Hast thou entered the treasuries of the snow, or hast thou seen the treasuries of the hail? By what way is the light parted, or the east wind scattered upon the earth? Who provideth for the raven his food when his young ones cry unto God, and wander for lack of meat? Doth the hawk soar by thy wisdom, and stretch her wings toward the south? Doth the eagle mount up at thy command, and make her nest on high? Shall he that contendeth with the Almighty instruct him? He that reproveth God, let him answer it.
JOB: Behold, I am of small account. What shall I answer thee?
VOICE: Gird up thy loins now like a man; I will demand of thee and declare thou unto me. Wilt thou disannul my judgment? Wilt thou condemn me, that thou mayest be justified?
JOB: I know that thou canst do all things, and that no purpose of thine can be restrained. Therefore have I uttered that which I understood not; things too wonderful for me, which I knew not. Wherefore I abhor myself, and repent in dust and ashes.
[Music out]
NARRATOR: In striking contrast to the drama of the Book of Job is the lyricism of the Psalms of David, an anthology of sacred poetry. Luca della Robbia, an artist of the Italian Renaissance, carved his "Singing Gallery" of children as a celebration of the famous Psalm 150.
VOICE: Praise ye the Lord. . . . Praise him with the sound of the trumpet: praise him with the psaltery and harp. Praise him with the timbrel and dance: praise him with stringed instruments and organs. Praise him upon the loud cymbals: praise him upon the high sounding cymbals. Let everything that hath breath praise the Lord.
[Music out]
VOICE: Therefore is the name of it called Babel; because the Lord did there confound the language of all the earth. . . .
And the king said, "Bring me a sword." And they brought a sword before the king. And the kind said, "Divide the living child in two, and give half to the one, and half to the other. . . ."
And when the Queen of Sheba heard of the fame of Solomon . . . she came to Jerusalem. . . .
And your children shall wander in the wilderness forty years . . . even forty years . . . until your carcasses be wasted in the wilderness.
And when Samuel had caused all the tribes of Israel to come together . . . Saul the son of Kish was taken . . . And all the people shouted, and said, "God save the king."
[Music out]
NARRATOR: The historical books of the Old Testament--Joshua, Samuel, Kings--have proved to be accurate in many details, as modern research has shown. On ancient Assyrian tablets, accounts may be read which add to our knowledge of the events chronicled in biblical history.
ASSYRIAN: I besieged and captured Samaria and carried off 27,290 of its inhabitants as booty.
NARRATOR: The Assyrian is boastful, efficient, precise, and dull. The narrative style of the Old Testament is equally precise, but it is also superb.
[Music in]
VOICE: And there went out a champion of the camp of the Philistines, named Goliath, of Gath, whose height was six cubits and a span. And he had an helmet of brass upon his head, and he was armed with a coat of mail; and the weight of the coat was five thousand shekels. . . .
And every one that was in distress, and every one that was in debt, and every one that was discontented, gathered themselves unto David. . . .
NARRATOR: The historical narratives of the Old Testament speak to us of a large past--of conquering armies, besieged cities, of empires made desolate--yet the main literary interest rests in the marvelously drawn characters, who come suddenly to life in vivid prose and poetry. The first of the Jewish kings, Saul:
VOICE: And it came to pass, when the evil spirit from God was upon Saul, that David took a harp, and played with his hand: so Saul was refreshed, and was well. . . .
David . . . and Jonathan were lovely and pleasant in their lives, and in their death they were not divided: they were swifter than eagles, they were stronger than lions.
Now the king had at sea a navy of Tharshish . . . and once in three years came the navy of Tharshish, bringing gold and silver, ivory, and apes, and peacocks.
NARRATOR: But it is not kings and warriors alone who come vividly to life in the Old Testament. Hundreds of characters are literally unforgettable.
VOICE: And it came to pass in an eveningtide, that David arose from off his bed, and walked upon the roof of the king's house: and from the roof he saw a woman washing herself; and the woman was very beautiful to look upon. And David sent and enquired after the woman. And one said, "Is not this Bathsheba? . . ."
[Music out]
NARRATOR: Hebrew poetry, unlike most English poetry, has no regular meter and is not rhymed. Its chief characteristic is known technically as parallelism.
VOICE: How long wilt thou sleep, O sluggard? when wilt thou arise out of thy sleep?
NARRATOR: A thought is expressed in the first line and then reexpressed with a difference in the second.
VOICE: Yet a little sleep, a little slumber. . . .
NARRATOR: These lines are from the Book of Proverbs, an anthology of short poems. Two paintings by the great Flemish artist Pieter Brueghel provide perfect visual counterpart to the verse.
[Music in]
VOICE: Go to the ant, thou sluggard; consider her ways, and be wise: Which having no chief, overseer, or ruler, provideth her meat in the summer, and gathereth her food in the harvest. How long wilt thou sleep, O sluggard? when wilt thou arise out of thy sleep? Yet a little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to sleep: so shall thy poverty come as a robber, and thy want as an armed man.
NARRATOR: The poetry of the Old Testament was rarely art for art's sake. Its instructional purpose was nowhere more evident than in the great prophetical books [music out]. Here we find protest literature at its most eloquent. The biblical prophets--Amos, Jeremiah, Isaiah, others--were magnificent poets. But their chief concern was not with the techniques of poetry but with injustice. Often denounced as unpatriotic, often imprisoned, they nevertheless spoke out. Such a one was the prophet Jeremiah.
[Music in]
JEREMIAH: To whom shall I speak, and give warning, that they may hear? . . . Behold, the word of the Lord is unto them a reproach; they have no delight in it [music out]. Therefore I am full of the fury of the Lord; I am weary with holding in: I will pour it out upon the children abroad, and upon the assembly of young men together: for even the husband with the wife shall be taken, the aged with him that is full of days. And their houses shall be turned unto others, with their fields and wives together: "For I will stretch out my hand upon the inhabitants of the land," saith the Lord. "For . . . the least of them even unto the greatest of them every one is given to covetousness; and from the prophet even unto the priest every one dealeth falsely. They have healed also the hurt . . . of my people slightly, saying, Peace, peace; when there is no peace."
[Music in]
NARRATOR: The Bible as literature may be considered as saga, as in the story of the Creation, and as poetry, short story, history, and drama. The Book of Job, although not written as a formal drama, presents in dialogue form a story of great dramatic intensity.
VOICE: Job was an upright man, a perfect man, one that feared God and eschewed evil. Now, Satan one day taunted God, saying that Job loved Him because God had blessed him and made him rich, the greatest of all the children of the east. "But put forth thine hand now," Satan tells God, "and touch all that he hath, and Job will curse thee to thy face." And so God placed Job in Satan's power. A fire descended from heaven, burning up his sheep and servants. A great wind came from the wilderness, killing his seven sons and three daughters. And Satan smote him with sore boils from the sole of his foot unto his crown. And in all this, Job sinned not, nor charged God with foolishness.
NARRATOR: But Job's patience was not endless, as his three friends come to comfort him in his terrible misfortunes [music out] are to discover.
JOB: Let the day perish wherein I was born, and the night which said, "There is a man child conceived." Let that day be darkness.
ELIPHAZ: If one essay to commune with thee, wilt thou be grieved? Behold, happy is the man whom God correcteth, therefore despise not thou the chastening of the Almighty.
JOB: How forcible are the words of uprightness. Yea, ye would cast lots upon the fatherless, and make merchandise of your friend. Return, I pray you; let there be no injustice. Return again; my cause is righteous. Is there injustice on my tongue? I loathe my life and would not live always.
BILDAD: How long wilt thou speak these things? Doth God pervert judgment? Behold, he will not cast away a perfect man.
JOB: I am perfect, I regard not myself. I despise my life. It is all one, therefore I say God destroyeth the perfect and the wicked.
ZOPHAR: Should a wise man fill his belly with the east wind? And should thy boastings make men hold their peace?
JOB: Have pity on me, have pity on me, O my friends, for the hand of God has touched me!
ELIPHAZ: I have heard the reproof which putteth me to shame.
JOB: Hear diligently my speech. I am as one that is a laughingstock to his neighbor. A man that called upon God, the just, the perfect man, is a laughingstock. But the tents of robbers prosper, and they that provoke God are secure. How then comfort ye me, seeing in your answers there remaineth only falsehood?
ELIPHAZ: Shall vain words have an end? How can he be clean that was born of a woman? Behold, even the moon hath no brightness, and the stars are not pure in God's sight; how much less man, that is a worm, and the son of man, which is a worm?
JOB: God forbid that I should justify you. As God liveth, who hath taken away my right, I will not put away mine integrity from me.
ZOPHAR: I will teach you concerning the hand of God; that which is with the Almighty will I not conceal. Where shall wisdom be found? And where is the place of understanding? Man knoweth not the price thereof. It cannot be gotten for gold, neither shall silver be weighed for the price thereof. It cannot be valued with the gold of Ophir, with the precious onyx, or the sapphire. Gold and glass cannot equal it, neither shall the exchange thereof be jewels of fine gold. No mention shall be made of coral or of crystal; yea, the price of wisdom is above rubies. But the topaz of Ethiopia cannot equal it, neither shall it be valued with pure gold. Whence then cometh wisdom? And where is the place of understanding? God understandeth the way thereof, and he knoweth the place thereof. And unto man he said, "Behold, the fear of the Lord, that is wisdom, and to depart from evil is understanding."
JOB: Oh that I were as in the months of old, as in the days when God watched over me. As I went forth to the gate unto the city, the young men saw me and hid themselves, and the aged rose up and stood. Unto me men gave ear and waited, and kept silence for my counsel. And after my words they spoke not again. My speech dropped upon them, and they waited for me as for the rain. But now they that are younger than I have me in derision, whose fathers I disdained to set with the dogs of my flock. And now I am become their song, yea, I am a byword unto them. They abhor me, and spare not to spit in my face [music in]. For God hath loosed his cord and afflicted me. Did I not weep for him that was in trouble? Was not my soul grieved for the needy? But when I looked for good, evil came. Oh that I had one to hear me. Lo, here is my signature, let the Almighty answer me!
[Music out]
VOICE: Who is this that darkeneth counsel by words without knowledge? Where wast thou when I laid the foundations of the earth? Declare, if thou hast understanding. Who determined the measures thereof, if thou knowest? Whereupon were the foundations thereof fastened, when the morning stars sang together, and all the sons of God shouted for joy? Declare, if thou knowest it all. Where is the way to the dwelling of light, and as for darkness, where is the place thereof? Doubtless thou knowest, for the number of thy days is great. Hast thou entered the treasuries of the snow, or hast thou seen the treasuries of the hail? By what way is the light parted, or the east wind scattered upon the earth? Who provideth for the raven his food when his young ones cry unto God, and wander for lack of meat? Doth the hawk soar by thy wisdom, and stretch her wings toward the south? Doth the eagle mount up at thy command, and make her nest on high? Shall he that contendeth with the Almighty instruct him? He that reproveth God, let him answer it.
JOB: Behold, I am of small account. What shall I answer thee?
VOICE: Gird up thy loins now like a man; I will demand of thee and declare thou unto me. Wilt thou disannul my judgment? Wilt thou condemn me, that thou mayest be justified?
JOB: I know that thou canst do all things, and that no purpose of thine can be restrained. Therefore have I uttered that which I understood not; things too wonderful for me, which I knew not. Wherefore I abhor myself, and repent in dust and ashes.
[Music out]
NARRATOR: In striking contrast to the drama of the Book of Job is the lyricism of the Psalms of David, an anthology of sacred poetry. Luca della Robbia, an artist of the Italian Renaissance, carved his "Singing Gallery" of children as a celebration of the famous Psalm 150.
VOICE: Praise ye the Lord. . . . Praise him with the sound of the trumpet: praise him with the psaltery and harp. Praise him with the timbrel and dance: praise him with stringed instruments and organs. Praise him upon the loud cymbals: praise him upon the high sounding cymbals. Let everything that hath breath praise the Lord.
[Music out]