Kepler's revolutionary laws of planetary motion

NARRATOR: In the early 17th century, Johannes Kepler challenged two features of the Copernican system. In the Copernican system the planets moved uniformly in circles, much like the Ptolemaic model. However, through observations of Mars, Kepler came to several conclusions. Published in 1609, Kepler's first law states that planets move in elliptical orbits, with the Sun at one focus. Kepler's second law states that a planet's orbital speed is not uniform. A planet moves slower when it is farther from the Sun and faster closest to the Sun. The relationship between time and area, however, remains constant. Kepler's laws destroyed the last vestiges of Aristotle's model of the universe.