Classification

Distinguishing taxonomic features

The order Chiroptera is defined by flight and the elongated finger bones and marked pectoral specialization that support it. Weak pelvic and leg development is also a chiropteran feature. The ulna of the forearm is reduced; claws are absent on the fingers except on the thumb (and occasionally the second finger); and the knee is directed rearward and outward. The maximum complement of permanent teeth is 38, the minimum 20.

Annotated classification

The following classification is based on the third edition of Mammal Species of the World, edited by Don E. Wilson and DeeAnn M. Reeder, published in 2005. Subsequent research has shown, however, that the number of bat species continues to increase from the discovery of new forms and from the results of studies using DNA analysis to examine the evolutionary relationships between known bat species.

• Order Chiroptera

  1,116 species in 18 families belonging to 2 suborders. Found from the tropics into temperate regions worldwide.

  • Suborder Microchiroptera

    930 species in 17 families found from the tropics into temperate regions worldwide.

    • Family Vespertilionidae (vesper bats)

      407 small to medium-sized species in 48 genera found worldwide to tree line and on many oceanic islands. Muzzle plain; eyes small; ears moderate to large; wings generally long and moderately narrow; tail and interfemoral membrane well developed. All walk well, often entering crevices. A few species eat fish. Generally colonial in dense, touching clusters; a few solitary; mostly roost in caves, attics, barns, hollow trees, boulder heaps, the twigs of birds’ nests, or roof thatching; a few (Lasiurus) roost in branches, on tree trunks, or in the hollow core of bamboo (Tylonycteris). Many temperate species hibernate and migrate; many are drably coloured; several that roost externally are either spotted (Euderma) or speckled (Lasiurus). Brown bats (Myotis and Eptesicus) and pipistrelles (Pipistrellus) found worldwide.

    • Family Phyllostomidae (American leaf-nosed bats, including vampire bats)

      160 small to large species in 55 genera found from the southwestern United States through tropical America. Nose leaf simply shaped, ears often large and mobile, wings generally short and broad; tail and interfemoral membrane vary from absent to well developed; fur colour and patterns varied. Includes insectivorous, carnivorous, and fruit- and flower-feeding species. Generally do not walk. Colonial, often densely so; generally roost in touching clusters in caves, tree hollows, buildings, and culverts or in the open under bridges or eaves, in the crests of palm trees, or on the underside of palm leaves. Flight ranges from swift and straight to hovering.

    • Family Rhinolophidae (horseshoe bats)

      77 small to moderately large species in 1 Old World genus. Complex nose leaf; large, highly mobile ears; wings short and rounded; well-developed interfemoral membrane, supported by tail. Unable to walk. Fur generally brown (occasionally red). Dark, humid roosts selected, especially caves, but tree hollows, buildings, and culverts as well. Generally colonial, nontouching. Usually feed on flying insects.

    • Family Hipposideridae (Old World leaf-nosed bats)

      81 small to large species in 9 genera, some ranging from Old World tropics to temperate regions. Complex nose leaf with both anterior and posterior portions, the anterior portion being homologous to the “horseshoe” in the closely related Rhinolophidae. Toes have only two phalanges, owing to fusion; second finger of wing has only metacarpal bones; other fingers have two phalanges. Ears medium, without tragus. Fur colour ranging from dark brown to hues of red and yellow. Mostly colonial in caves, tunnels, or other dark retreats. Forage for flying insects.

    • Family Molossidae (free-tailed bats)

      100 robust, small to very large species in 16 genera, some ranging into mild temperate regions. Tail projects well beyond the well-developed interfemoral membrane; ears large, rather immobile, often fused to one another, and unusually shaped; lips and snout often heavy; eyes tiny. Wings very long and narrow; legs well developed for walking; toes often bearing bristles. Often have a conspicuous odour; fur short, usually dark brown or black. Many highly colonial, with millions clustering in caves, tree hollows, and buildings; dense, touching groups roost pressed against fellows or walls, often in crevices; many prefer hot, dry roosts. Walk exceptionally well. Feed on flying insects; some migrate.

    • Family Emballonuridae (sheath-tailed, or sac-winged, bats)

      51 small to medium-sized species in 13 genera found in the tropics excluding the West Indies and some Pacific islands; each genus restricted to either Old or New World. Ears large but simply shaped; eyes small; muzzle sharp but plain; tail short, perforating the dorsal surface of a well-developed interfemoral membrane. Several genera have a glandular pouch in the wing extensions. Roost on vertical surfaces, such as tree trunks, cliff faces, cave entrances, and walls; some favour buildings. Some densely colonial but not touching one another; others form small groups or are solitary. Hang suspended from toes with wrists propped against wall.

    • Family Nycteridae (slit-faced, or hollow-faced, bats)

      16 small to medium-sized species in 1 genus (Nycteris) distributed through most of tropical Africa and Southeast Asia. Head with peculiar nasal depression, cleft nose leaf, and a deep midline facial cleft behind and above the nostrils. Ears large; wings broad; tail long with split end; heel bones greatly elongated; well-developed interfemoral membrane. Prey mostly on terrestrial insects resting on vegetation, rocks, or walls. Unable to walk. Roosts usually dark and humid; some species roost exposed in forest canopy.

    • Family Mormoopidae (leaf-chinned bats)

      10 small species in 2 genera of tropical Central and South America. Some walk. All lack nose leaf but have elaborate lip leaves. Tail and interfemoral membrane well developed. Colour ranges from brown through orange, red, and yellow. Feed on flying insects. Densely colonial in dark caves, population of colonies often numbering in the tens of thousands.

    • Family Megadermatidae (false vampire bats)

      5 moderately large species in 4 genera of Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and Australia. External ears very large and fused across midline; nose leaf large with truncated end; eyes relatively large; wings broad; interfemoral membrane well developed and supported distally by heel bones; no external tail. Feed principally on terrestrial arthropods, as in Nycteridae; at least 2 species also feed on small vertebrates taken in the same fashion as arthropod prey. Unable to walk. Form small colonies of nontouching individuals usually in dark, secluded caves or abandoned buildings. Yellow-winged bat (Lavia frons) is at least partly diurnal and roosts in trees in the savanna and open forest.

    • Family Natalidae (funnel-eared bats)

      8 species of small, slenderly built bats in 3 genera (Natalus) of Central America, northern South America, and the West Indies. Thick gray, buff, yellow, or reddish fur. Well-developed tail and interfemoral membrane. Ears large; snout plain. Walk clumsily and do not enter crevices; cave-dwelling and colonial in nontouching groups. Feed on flying insects.

    • Family Rhinopomatidae (mouse-tailed bats)

      4 small species in 1 genus (Rhinopoma) of North Africa and tropical Asia. Tail very long and largely free beyond a narrow interfemoral membrane. Ears large; small nose leaf; primitive shoulder girdle.

    • Family Thyropteridae (disk-winged bats)

      3 species in 1 genus (Thyroptera) of Central America and northern South America, excluding West Indies. Base of thumb and sole provided with sucking disk; simple muzzle; ears large; second finger reduced to rudiment. Roost alone or in small groups, often in still-furled banana leaves. Biology poorly known.

    • Family Mystacinidae (New Zealand short-tailed bats)

      2 small species in 1 genus (Mysticina) of New Zealand. Simple head similar to that of vesper bats. Wings fold very compactly; thumb and toe claws long and sharp; highly adapted for walking; tail perforates interfemoral membrane dorsally. Feed on flying and terrestrial insects. Biology poorly known.

    • Family Furipteridae (smoky bats)

      2 small, delicately built species in 2 genera of northern South America and Central America. Snout plain; tail long, ending short of the well-developed interfemoral membrane; thumb vestigial; legs long; feet small. Biology unknown; probably insectivorous.

    • Family Noctilionidae (bulldog bats)

      2 medium-sized species in 1 genus (Noctilio) of the American tropics. Muzzle heavy but unadorned; lips full; internal cheek pouches; ears large, pointed, and mobile; wings long and narrow. Tail well developed, extending to midpoint of large interfemoral membrane, which is pierced dorsally by tail tip; interfemoral membrane supported by very well-developed bones. Insectivorous, but one species also uses its very large feet to capture fish. Musky odour. Walk well; often roost in crevices, tree hollows, attics, grottoes, and caves; colonial, in touching clusters.

    • Family Craseonycteridae (hog-nosed, or bumblebee, bat)

      1 tiny species of Thailand, Craseonycteris thonglongyai, perhaps the smallest living mammal.

    • Family Myzopodidae (Old World sucker-footed bat)

      1 species in 1 genus (Myzopoda) endemic to Madagascar. Small, plain muzzle; large ears with peculiar mushroom-shaped lobe. Thumb and sole with adhesive disks; vestigial thumb claw; tail extends free beyond interfemoral membrane. Probably insectivorous; biology unknown.

  • Suborder Megachiroptera

    • Family Pteropodidae (flying foxes and other Old World fruit bats)

      186 generally large species in 42 fruit- or flower-feeding genera found in the Old World tropics and subtropics, including many Pacific islands. Lack acoustic orientation except rousette bats (Rousettus); ears small; eyes large, with vision well developed; generally roost in trees; often colonial; often show countershading, cryptic markings, or bright fur colours or patterns. Index finger generally clawed; tail short or lacking; interfemoral membrane reduced. Muzzle simple in appearance, except in the hammer-headed fruit bat (Hypsignathus monstrosus). Generally cannot walk but can move along branches in hanging posture. Teeth modified for feeding on fruit and flowers.