starling
starling, any of a number of birds composing most of the family Sturnidae (order Passeriformes), especially the common, or European, starling (Sturnus vulgaris), a 20-cm (8-inch) chunky iridescent black bird with a long sharp bill. It was introduced from Europe and Asia to most parts of the world.
The tens of millions of common starlings in North America were long thought to be descendants of approximately 80 birds released in New York City in 1890–91; however, genetic studies and historical records suggest that the population is the product of multiple introductions in the northeastern United States occurring in the late 19th century. These birds have a reputation for damaging fruit and grain crops—though they also consume harmful insects—and usurping native songbirds’ nest holes (see also invasive species). S. vulgaris feeds on the ground and flies in tight flocks; vocal year-round, it mimics other birds’ notes and utters wheezy sounds of its own. They frequently form large flocks called murmurations, which may move in synchrony in order to avoid predators. Such murmurations are avoided by aircraft, since collisions have resulted in air crashes in different parts of the world.
The bare-eyed, or pied, starling (or mynah, Gracupica contra), from India to Java, is black, white, and reddish-brown, with yellow eye skin. Glossy starlings, with highly iridescent plumage, include the superb starling (Lamprotornis superbus) of eastern Africa and the shining starling (Aplonis metallica) of Pacific Islands and northeastern Australia. The 36-cm golden-breasted, or regal, starling (Lamprotornis regius) of eastern Africa, is green, blue, and yellow, with a long tail. The wattled starling (Creatophora cinerea) is brown, gray, and white; uniquely, the breeding male becomes bald, showing bright yellow skin, and grows large black wattles on the crown and throat. For military starlings, see blackbird.
