Literature from 1940 to 1970

A new and very talented generation of writers and artists began to emerge at the outset of World War II. Literary magazines—including Southerly and Meanjin, both concerned with promoting Australian writing (and both still extant)—established themselves, and the interest of the international reading public in Australian writing grew. Although factual and descriptive writing remained prominent, Australian writers became increasingly speculative and searching. The “Ern Malley” hoax (1944), in which the poets James McAuley and Harold Stewart, writing as a deceased mechanic-salesman-poet, parodied what they saw as the meaninglessness of experimental verse, was an indication of the demand for new standards. Similarly Patrick White, a Nobel Prize winner (1973) and the most important and influential of the modern Australian novelists, was drawn to Australian themes and the Australian landscape, but he was profoundly dismissive of the dun-coloured journalism, as he thought it, of Australian fiction.

White’s imaginative reach, ambitious themes, and elaborate imagery showed him surpassing nationalistic limitations. His major novels, The Tree of Man (1955), Voss (1957), and Riders in the Chariot (1961), had an epic scope. His short stories and plays and his later novels explored more completely the ambiguity of character and the troubling question of belief. White not only demonstrated the richness of the Australian experience for imaginative writing (“your country is of great subtlety”) but drew the attention of the world to it.

Martin Boyd had won the first Gold Medal from the Australian Literature Society as early as 1928, but his career belonged mainly to the postwar period. His particular interest was in tracing the influence of the past upon the present, most often through novels of family histories. These novels—particularly Lucinda Brayford (1946) and the Langton quartet, beginning with The Cardboard Crown (1952)—were chronicles too of the decline of the genteel and aristocratic tradition. Christina Stead, who also had begun writing before the war, did not win recognition until the 1960s, with the reissue of The Man Who Loved Children (1940). Her novels explored the relation between personality and environment and particularly the theme of exploitation. A younger writer, Randolph Stow, had an early success with To the Islands (1958), a novel that was poetic in texture and structure and that intertwined aspects of European and Aboriginal culture and belief.

The practice of descriptive verse continued in the postwar period, but the new generation of poets also sought a new symbolic reading of Australia. They turned increasingly to the meditative lyric. In such poems as “The Death of the Bird” and “Moschus Moschiferus,”A.D. Hope developed a reputation for witty, satiric, and allusive verse delivered in the clear middle style of John Dryden. Rather richer and more emotionally charged were the lyrics of Judith Wright (Collected Poems 1942–1970 [1971]); sometimes she attempted abstruse concepts, lodged in images of the natural world. Douglas Stewart (Collected Poems 1936–1967 [1967]) was another who drew his inspiration directly from the natural world, perceiving in it fragments of the moral design of the universe. James McAuley, always a meditative poet, achieved both grace and humanity in the moving clarity of his later verse (for example, in Music Late at Night [1976]). And David Campbell (Collected Poems [1989]) combined an intelligent love for poetry with a passion for the land, the language of the traditional lyric with the speech rhythms of the Australian vernacular. His poetry too was mainly a kind of meditative lyric. Rosemary Dobson (Collected Poems [1991]) was another of this generation of fine poets. Although Vivian Smith (New Selected Poems [1995]) does not quite fit with this group, he continued the practice of meditative lyric and so may be mentioned here. Gwen Harwood developed a thoughtful kind of poetry, varied at times by clever, satiric verses, as in her Collected Poems (1991).

Plays had been written in Australia well back into the colonial period, but the drama was not distinguished and was of only local interest. Among the first notable plays were two radio plays by Douglas Stewart, Ned Kelly (published 1943) and The Fire on the Snow (performed 1941), both of which showed the symbolic possibilities in historic figures. In 1955 Ray Lawler won local and international acclaim for Summer of the Seventeenth Doll, a play naturalistic in character and idiom and universal in theme yet peculiarly Australian in its attitudes. Its success began something of a revival in Australian drama; it was followed by Alan Seymour’s The One Day of the Year (1961) and Patrick White’s Four Plays (published 1965).

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Australia: The culture of Australia

In nonfictional prose there were numerous histories and biographies in this period. In the early 1960s occurred one of those curious convergences that mark literary history. A number of writers began publishing works of an autobiographical kind in which the emphasis lay elsewhere than on the self. Judith Wright’s The Generations of Men (1959) is a family history, just as Mary Durack’s Kings in Grass Castles (1959) is the story of her ancestors as well as a social history. Martin Boyd’s Day of My Delight (1965) defines his family in its historical and moral context, while Hal Porter’s The Watcher on the Cast-Iron Balcony (1963) is a résumé of post-Edwardian Australia as seen in a country town (an audacious but convincing variant on the bush orientation of traditional writing) and is patterned as a biography of his mother.

At about the same time began another productive phase of writing for children, and by the end of the 1960s both Patricia Wrightson and Ivan Southall had won major awards for their work. Wrightson’s novels of the 1960s and ’70s were particularly interesting in their use of Aboriginal figures and motifs, as in Behind the Wind (1981). In 1986 she was awarded the international Hans Christian Andersen Award for lifetime achievement in children’s literature.