Chosŏn period (1392–1910)
- Related Topics:
- Korea
- East Asian arts
- Chosŏn style
- magatama
In 1388 General Yi Sŏng-gye dethroned the pro-Mongol King Wu. Four years later, in 1392, General Yi proclaimed himself founder of the new Chosŏn dynasty (1392–1910) and moved the capital from Kaesŏng (Songdo) to Seoul. His policy was to maintain close political and cultural ties with Ming China (1368–1644). Buddhism, by then thoroughly corrupt, was displaced as the state religion by a puritanic Neo-Confucianism, then also on the ascendant in Ming China. Confucianism became the dominant influence on Korean thought, morals, and aesthetic standards. Soon after the establishment of the new dynasty, a massive construction project was launched in the capital, then called Hanyang, to build palaces and royal ancestral shrines. Paintings depicting scenic spots of the new capital were royally commissioned. Chosŏn artists, particularly in the decorative arts, showed a more spontaneous, indigenous aesthetic sense than the sophisticated aristocratic elegance typical of Koryŏ artists.
In 1592 the Japanese general Toyotomi Hideyoshi invaded Korea. For many years the entire peninsula was a battlefield, and a tremendous amount of art was destroyed. The Japanese even carried off many Korean potters, who later managed to settle in the northern part of the island of Kyushu and become the founders of the Japanese porcelain industry. The Japanese invasion was soon followed by the Manchu, a Manchurian people, who later conquered China and established the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12). The two invasions left the Chosŏn government in a critically weakened condition, but they also inspired the rise of a strong nationalist sentiment among the Korean people. Concern focused on solving domestic social problems and on reviving and restoring confidence in Korean culture and identity. Scholars made efforts to develop practical knowledge and wisdom to improve life in Korea rather than studying “empty” Confucian theories. Painters for the first time showed profound interest in the landscape and daily life of Korea, and Chosŏn art of the 17th to 18th century demonstrated a marked Korean character and flavour. This florescence of Chosŏn art ended after only two centuries, however, because of the lack of public and private patronage, the lack of inspiration, and the apathy and poverty that occurred as the dynasty itself entered the last phase of its history.
Nevertheless, this period left abundant artistic remains. There are many palace and temple buildings, although few date to before the Japanese invasion. Instead of bronze and iron, Buddhist images were usually made of clay and plaster on wooden armature and then gilded. Among the secular arts, painting and ceramics were the most important. The Chosŏn government maintained an Office of Painting, or imperial academy of painting (Tohua-sŏ), and the government also operated an official kiln that alone was authorized to produce blue-and-white porcelain. Local private kilns also mass-produced large amounts of ceramics. The Chosŏn dynasty was finally terminated when Japan annexed Korea in 1910.