Madrigals and related forms
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A considerable amount of music sung by choirs in the 20th century is not really choral music at all, since it was conceived for performance by small groups of soloists and attains its fullest expression only through the individually projected personality of the solo voice. Assignment of these solo lines to a body of singers tends to neutralize this effect of personality, producing instead a weight of tone and an impression of superimposed dynamics and expression which, however carefully cultivated and disciplined, cannot surpass the kind of performance originally envisaged by the composer; yet a reasonable multiplication of voices does no harm to the texture as such, since the harmonies, the interweaving of parts, and the vocal spacing all remain constant. It is also true that a madrigal sung by 50 instead of by only five musicians will be more readily and rapidly understood by those directly involved because a massed performance of a five-part madrigal with 10 singers on each line is a more practical proposition than forming 10 separate consorts of five soloists. Individual voices, especially in amateur groups, may not possess the technique, the stamina, or the confidence to sustain a part on their own, but if they sing as a member of a group the likelihood is that they will achieve good results.
Development of the madrigal
Madrigals were originally published for professional singers and for amateur singers of high standard. They were issued not in score, as is the 20th-century custom, but in the form of part books, each one of which contained only the music necessary for one line—soprano, alto, tenor, bass, or any intermediate voice. The quantity printed of each edition was generally modest, with the result that prices were high, and choral performance was ruled out for economic reasons as well as artistic ones. The development of modern methods of engraving and printing music, allied to the creation of a worldwide market for choral works, has brought about a situation directly opposed to that of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, whereby each singer now has a full score (or vocal score) that is less expensive than the part books printed in earlier times. In consequence, the choral performance of madrigals and related forms has become an economic possibility.
One of the most important predecessors of the madrigal proper was the frottola, which flourished in Italy between 1490 and 1520. In its early stages, the frottola was a song with instrumental accompaniment, with the main melody and text in the uppermost part (usually in the soprano or alto range) and supporting harmonies below. These harmonies were so simple and functional that an entire line could be dispensed with when intabulations for voice and lute were made. Four-part harmony was thus reduced to three, though without any serious loss since the polyphonic element tended to be of minimal importance. In later collections of frottolas, however, a different technique appears: instead of the upper line alone being supplied with text, all four parts join in. These completely texted frottolas were certainly intended to be sung by four singers, possibly, though not necessarily, doubled by instruments; and they could even have been sung by a small chorus.
Contemporary with the frottola were cognate forms such as the German lied, the French chanson, the Spanish villancico, and the English songs for voice and viols. All these began as accompanied songs, and all eventually followed the Italian fashion by dropping the instruments and substituting voices. This process was at first an obvious makeshift and can be detected as such because of the characteristically instrumental nature of the lower three parts, with numerous unvocal skips and contours. Words can be added to lines such as these, but they are often uncomfortable to sing because of the lack of conjunct movement and the paucity of breathing spaces. Occasionally, the added words appear only in one source, often a manuscript copy rather than a printed edition, the earlier sources on the other hand retaining the instrumental nature and function of the alto, tenor, and bass. The songs of Isaac provide clear examples of this gradual change, by which Tenorlieder (songs with the tune in the tenor) were transformed into part-songs by the addition of text to the instrumental lines. Some German composers, however, favoured the purely vocal or choral type of performance and made certain that all parts were texted.
Similar tendencies can be seen in France, in Spain, and in England, where many of the court songs written during Henry VIII’s reign have text in all voice parts. One of the best known of these, Passetyme with good cumpanye, is a part-song for three male voices, written in all probability by the monarch himself. As the century progressed, amateurs began to take an interest in the part-song, which was generally for four voices, and several composers helped to lay the foundation for the English madrigal school. It is worthy of note that Byrd, in his Psalmes, Sonets, & songs of Sadnes and pietie (published, 1588), underlaid text to every part but mentioned in his preface that the songs were “originally made for Instruments to expresse the harmonie, and one voyce to pronounce the dittie.”