iambic pentameter

iambic pentameter, in poetry, a line of verse composed of ten syllables arranged in five metrical feet (iambs), each of which consists of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. The line can be rhymed, as in sonnets or heroic couplets (pairs of end-rhymed lines found in epic or narrative poetry), or unrhymed, as in blank verse. The term derives from the Greek words iambos (“metrical foot”) and pentametros (“having five metrical feet”).

This rhythmic structure was introduced to the English language in the 14th century by English poet Geoffrey Chaucer in works such as the epic poem Troilus and Criseyde (c. 1385) and parts of the frame story The Canterbury Tales (c. 1387–1400). Iambic pentameter has been the predominant metre in English verse since the 16th century. Its unstressed-stressed beat is similar to that of a human heartbeat, and English author William Shakespeare used its rhythm and flow to pace his sonnets and plays. It was also used by English author John Milton in his epic poem Paradise Lost (1667).

Iambic pentameter was used by notable and influential poets, and it forged several distinctive stanza forms. Chaucer introduced rhyme royal to English poetry, namely seven lines of iambic pentameter rhyming ababbcc. Rhyme royal became popular in narrative poetry, and it was used by William Shakespeare in the poem “Rape of Lucrece” (1594). Terza rima, a stanza form that emerged in 14th-century Italy, consists of iambic pentameter lines grouped in threes and rhyming followed by a final line, aba bcb cdc ded e. English poets Percy Bysshe Shelley and Robert Browning made use of this form. Other notable exponents of iambic pentameter are English poet Alfred Lord Tennyson and English author Alexander Pope, who used it within heroic couplets in the mock-epic poem The Rape of the Lock (1714).

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English sonnets are well known for their use of iambic pentameter, such as in the opening lines of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 116 (1609):

Let me not to the marriage of true minds
Admit impediments. Love is not love
Which alters when it alteration finds,
Or bends with the remover to remove.

Iambic pentameter differs from other iambic metrical lines in its number of metrical feet. Examples include iambic tetrameter, which consists of four pairs of syllables, and iambic hexameter, which is composed of six pairs and is also referred to as an alexandrine.