kontakion
kontakion, first important Byzantine poetic form, significant in early Byzantine liturgical music. The kontakion was apparently in use by the early 6th century, although the term occurs only in the 9th century, also designating a scroll and a stick around which were wound long rolls containing texts. The form seems to be of Syrian origin, having much in common with two Syriac poetic forms, memrā and madrāshā.
In its Byzantine form, the kontakion is a poetic homily, or sermon, consisting of 18 to 30 stanzas. They are chanted, and all follow the structural pattern set by the first model stanza. A refrain links all stanzas together. It is believed that a soloist sang the main stanzas, and the choir responded by singing the refrain.
The introduction of the kontakion into Byzantine religious practice is credited to St. Romanos Melodos (fl. first half of 6th century), of Syrian Jewish origin, who became one of the greatest early Christian poets after moving to Constantinople (now Istanbul). The kontakion flourished until a new form, the kanōn, became more prominent in the late 7th and 8th centuries. Since that time, complete kontakia have not been performed; only the preliminary stanza (proimion, or koukoulion) and the first stanza of the kontakion proper, with its refrain, remain in the morning office of the Greek Orthodox church, performed after the sixth section (ode) of a kanōn.
The melodies of the kontakia were transmitted orally, without musical notation, for several centuries. The earliest manuscripts with decipherable music are believed to date from the 13th century. Manuscripts containing soloists’ sections are called psaltika (from psaltēs, “church singer”). Choral parts are preserved in asmatika (from asma, “song”). The musical settings tend to be melismatic—i.e., elaborate melodies with many notes per syllable. Kontakia that have retained a special place in liturgical services are the Christmas kontakion by Romanos and the “Akathistos” hymn, a long hymn to the Virgin, sung in the fifth week of Lent.