Abd ar-Rahman

Abd ar-Rahman (born 1789/90—died August 28, 1859, Meknès, Mor.) was the sultan of Morocco (1822–59) who was the 24th ruler of the ʿAlawī dynasty. His reign was marked by both peaceful and hostile contacts with European powers, particularly France.

Having succeeded to the throne without internal conflict, Abd ar-Rahman became an able administrator and active builder of public works. During his long reign his authority was often challenged by dissident tribes and disaffected notables; he suppressed revolts in 1824, 1828, 1831, 1843, 1849, and 1853.

The more serious challenge to his kingdom came from abroad. The traditional policy of the ʿAlawīs of encouraging piracy to raise funds led to conflict with the European powers. As a reprisal for seizing their ships, the English blockaded Tangier, and the Austrians bombarded the ports of Arzila, Larache (al-ʿArāʾish), and Tétouan. The port of Salé was bombarded in 1851, again as a reprisal for Moroccan piracy. Abd ar-Rahman attempted to expand his influence eastward by supporting Abdelkader, leader of Algerian resistance against the French. This policy led to a disastrous war with France in 1844. By the Treaty of Tangier, October 1844, Abd ar-Rahman was obliged to recognize France’s dominant position in Algeria. During his reign, however, he also signed a number of commercial treaties with the European powers, and he preserved Moroccan independence by his astute diplomacy.