Alfred von Kiderlen-Wächter

Alfred von Kiderlen-Wächter (born July 10, 1852, Stuttgart, Württemberg—died December 30, 1912, Stuttgart) was a German statesman and foreign secretary remembered for his role in the Second Moroccan crisis (1911) before World War I.

After service in the Franco-German War (1870–71), Kiderlen studied law and entered the Prussian diplomatic service (1879). He was an exponent of the tough-minded post-Bismarckian German diplomacy and for a time enjoyed the favour of Emperor William II (Kaiser Wilhelm II), though his sharp tongue lost him that favour in 1898. Thereafter, he was sent as minister to Bucharest and for a time served in Constantinople, where he championed the Berlin–Baghdad Railway. In 1908 he was appointed deputy foreign secretary and was instrumental in keeping Russia from aiding Serbia during the crisis following Austria’s annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Already at this point Kiderlen advocated a belligerent foreign policy, whose success was purchased at the price of Russia’s enmity. In 1910 the new chancellor, Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg, overcame the emperor’s dislike of Kiderlen and named him secretary of state for foreign affairs.

Kiderlen opposed the attempt of the emperor and Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz to build up the German fleet to parity with the British, preferring to work toward establishing Germany firmly as the leading power in Europe through the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy). The climax of his career came in 1911, when France occupied the Moroccan cities of Rabat and Fès. While Kiderlen was not opposed in principle to French supremacy in Morocco, he demanded compensation for Germany. He encouraged German agitation for intervention in western Morocco and, to lend force to his arguments, dispatched the German gunboat Panther to Agadir, provoking the so-called Agadir incident. He refused conciliatory offers by the French government, and his attempt to exclude Great Britain from the negotiations led to threats of British intervention. After the rejection of Kiderlen’s demand for the whole of the French Congo in return for a free hand for France in Morocco, an agreement was reached in November 1911 by which Germany received two small strips of territory from the French Congo and France established a protectorate over Morocco. German expansionists sharply denounced the treaty as too lenient, but Kiderlen was able to retain his office. Kiderlen’s brusque and forceful posturing during the Second Moroccan crisis aggravated the international tensions that were to lead to World War I.