André Beaufre

André Beaufre (born Jan. 25, 1902, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France—died Feb. 13, 1975, Belgrade, Yugos. [now in Serbia]) was a French military strategist, an exponent of an independent French nuclear force.

In 1921 Beaufre entered the military academy at Saint-Cyr, where he met the future French president Charles de Gaulle, who was an instructor. In 1925 he saw action in Morocco against the Rif, who opposed French rule. Beaufre then studied at the École Supérieure de Guerre and at the École Libre des Sciences Politiques and was subsequently assigned to the French army’s general staff. While serving as permanent secretary of national defense in Algeria in 1940–41 during World War II, he was arrested by the French Vichy regime, and after his release in 1942 he served in the Free French Army on several fronts until the end of the war in 1945. Beaufre then saw service in Indochina and Algeria and commanded the French forces in the Suez campaign against Egypt in 1956.

Beaufre later became chief of the general staff of the Supreme Headquarters, Allied Powers in Europe in 1958. He was serving as chief French representative to the permanent group of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in Washington in 1960 when he was named général d’armée.

During the early 1960s Beaufre came to prominence as a theoretical military strategist and as an advocate of the independent French nuclear force, which was a major priority of President Charles de Gaulle. Beaufre remained on good terms with the U.S. authorities who opposed nuclear proliferation but argued that French nuclear independence would give the West greater unpredictability vis-à-vis the Soviet Union and thus strengthen the deterrent capacity of the NATO alliance.

Beaufre was the author of many books, including Introduction à la stratégie (1963; An Introduction to Strategy); Le Drame de 1940 (1965; 1940: The Fall of France); L’O.T.A.N. et l’Europe (1966; NATO and Europe); Mémoires 1920–1940–1945 (1969); and La Nature de l’histoire (1974).