Anno Hideaki

Anno Hideaki (born May 22, 1960, Ube, Japan) is a Japanese animator and film director best known for his mature and experimental anime series Neon Genesis Evangelion (1995–96).

Early life and career

From a young age, Anno was interested in the subjects that would define much of his career. He liked to draw, and he was a rabid consumer of pop culture, from anime and manga to tokusatsu (live-action monster or superhero films) and war stories. Indeed, he focused on these hobbies to the exclusion of much else, barely graduating high school.

Had Anno had his way, his education would have ended there, but the pleading of his parents and high-school administrators pushed him to attend Osaka University of Arts. At that university he met many of his future collaborators and received a fateful invitation to participate in the making of the opening animation sequence to the 20th Japan Science Fiction Convention in Osaka. Through that project he gained the attention of Studio Nue, which invited Anno to work on its anime television series Super Dimension Fortress Macross (1982–83).

Now enmeshed in filmmaking, Anno ignored his academic responsibilities and even stopped paying tuition; he was soon expelled. He took the opportunity to look for work in Tokyo. Anno found work as an animator on Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1984), the first great success of now-legendary director Miyazaki Hayao.

Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind would turn out to be a big breakthrough not only for Miyazaki but also for Anno. Miyazaki had been so impressed by Anno’s sample work that he gave Anno the task of animating the movie’s horrifying God Warrior, which Anno did with consummate skill. Following that job, he also worked on key sequences for the anime film Macross: Do You Remember Love? (1984). Having won industry recognition for handling difficult segments on the year’s two most popular animated releases, Anno cofounded the anime studio Gainax in December 1984 with several friends from Osaka University, including Yamaga Hiroyuki.

First projects at Gainax

Working out of a residential apartment, Gainax created a four-minute promotional short for a proposed feature-length anime film, Royal Space Force. The promo was sent to the toy and game manufacturer Bandai, which agreed to finance the full film with an 800 million yen budget—a record amount at the time for an anime film. Thrilled, the Gainax team threw themselves into 18 months of writing and art research. For artistic reference, Anno and several other staff members even visited the United States to watch a space shuttle launch. Work on the film began in earnest in 1986.

Unfortunately, the inexperience of Gainax’s team resulted in a chaotic production process, and the finished movie—now titled Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise (1987)—failed to earn back its budget at the box office. For a while he would distance himself from Gainax, retreating back into the world of independent filmmaking.

It was Yamaga Hiroyuki’s script for the second episode of the anime series Aim for the Top! (1988–89; Gunbuster outside Japan) that brought Anno back to Gainax. According to Anno, the teleplay moved him to tears. He agreed to make the series, which had been stuck for some time in development hell, on the condition that he would be its director. Yamaga agreed. After a short delay, during which he worked on Studio Ghibli’s animated war film Grave of the Fireflies (1988), Anno produced the six-episode series, which was Gainax’s first commercial success.

Anno followed up Aim for the Top! with the 39-episode anime series Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water (1990–91). The politics of the production process, however, so distressed him that he fell into a depression that was not helped when his next major project, Uru in Blue, shut down in the middle of production due to Gainax’s growing financial difficulties.

Neon Genesis Evangelion

During this period Anno spoke with Ōtsuki Toshimichi, a representative of King Records. Ōtsuki suggested that they collaborate on an original anime series together. According to Anno, Ōtsuki said, “Bring me something, anything, and I’ll make sure it gets greenlit.”

Anno came back to Ōtsuki with Neon Genesis Evangelion (1995–96), a deconstructionist take on the mecha (giant robot) subgenre of science fiction anime. In the future city Tokyo-3, depressed teenager Shinji Ikari is pressured by his father Gendo to pilot a giant biomechanical robot, an Evangelion, against giant monsters called Angels. The series has been acclaimed for both its exciting depiction of giant robots fighting monsters and its human story of Shinji’s emotional and psychological struggles.

For Anno, Neon Genesis Evangelion was extremely personal. Despite serious production issues and an infamously bewildering ending, the show was an enormous success and saved Gainax from ruin.

Anno, however, spent the next six months doing little. It was only with the assistance of family and friends, including Miyazaki, that Anno eventually returned to work.

Although Anno said he was fully satisfied with Neon Genesis Evangelion’s ending, he agreed to direct a feature-length film version of the story with an alternate ending. This project ultimately turned into two films, Neon Genesis Evangelion: Death & Rebirth (1997) and Neon Genesis Evangelion: The End of Evangelion (1997).

Live-action films, return to Neon Genesis Evangelion, and the Shin series

After The End of Evangelion, Anno directed the anime teenage romance series His and Her Circumstances (1998–99), the first series by Gainax directly adapted from a manga. He found the restrictions placed on him by the television network so stifling, however, that he walked off the series mid-production.

Anno turned to directing live-action films. His first feature was Love & Pop (1998), about young girls paid to go on dates with older men. The elliptical drama Ritual (2000) received positive reviews and an award at the Tokyo International Film Festival. Cutie Honey (2004) was a candy-colored tokusatsu film about a young woman using magic powers to fight crime.

After Cutie Honey, Anno returned to animation to retell the story of Neon Genesis Evangelion one last time as a four-film series. The first three films were Evangelion: 1.0 You Are (Not) Alone (2007), Evangelion: 2.0 You Can (Not) Advance (2009), and Evangelion: 3.0 You Can (Not) Redo (2012). After multiple delays, Evangelion: 3.0+1.0 Thrice Upon A Time (2021) concluded the franchise, again with a new ending.

While producing the new Neon Genesis Evangelion series, Anno continued to do live-action work on the Shin series of films relaunching popular characters. The first, Shin Godzilla (2016), used the giant monster for a satirical allegory on the Japanese government response to the Fukushima nuclear accident. He contributed two additional installments to the Shin franchise: Shin Ultraman (2022) and Shin Kamen Rider (2023).