Catherine de Vivonne, marquise de Rambouillet

Catherine de Vivonne, marquise de Rambouillet (born 1588—died Dec. 27, 1665) was an aristocratic hostess who exerted a powerful influence on the development of French literature in the first half of the 17th century.

Mme de Rambouillet was of noble background and was married at the age of 12 to Charles d’Angennes, later marquis de Rambouillet. Revolted by the coarseness of the French court under Henry IV and distressed by the amount of political intrigue, she set out to establish at her townhouse, the Hôtel de Rambouillet, a salon devoted to literature and cultured conversation where nobles and men of letters could mingle on an equal footing. The remarkable homogeneity of French classical literature may be ascribed to the influence of her salon and of those of her imitators. Typical guests of her salon included Corneille, La Rochefoucauld, Mme de Sévigné, Mme de La Fayette, and François de Malherbe, among others. With its emphasis on refinement and delicacy in thought and expression, the salon eventually bred the extravagances that Molière pilloried unmercifully in Les Précieuses ridicules. Nevertheless, her salon did set a standard for correct and elegant French, and its habitués learned the art of exploring human psychology that was to be the basis of French classical literature.