Cornelis Janszoon Speelman

Cornelis Janszoon Speelman (born March 3, 1628, Rotterdam, Dutch Republic [now the Netherlands]—died Jan. 11, 1684, Batavia, Dutch East Indies [now Jakarta, Java, Indon.]) was a Dutch military leader and governor-general of the Dutch East Indies (1681–84) who spurred the transformation of the Dutch commercial empire in the Indies into an expanding territorial one.

Speelman went to the Indies in 1645 as a clerk for the Dutch East Indies Company and by 1663 was appointed governor of the Coromandel Coast of southeast India. In 1666 he led an expedition that subjugated Macassar, on the south coast of Celebes. In the resulting Treaty of Bongaais the Dutch gained a monopoly of trade with, and control of, all of Macassar’s possessions. Speelman was named to the Council of the Indies (1671), an advisory body to the governor general, and in that capacity urged the use of force in settling native disputes and thus obtained territory for the Dutch. In a dispute between two factions fighting for the throne of Mataram, Java’s great empire, Speelman was appointed commander of the Dutch forces and subdued Mataram, which became a vassal to the Dutch. In 1677 he won trade concessions for Semarang and a large territory south of Batavia.

In 1681 Speelman managed to establish Dutch interests in Bantam (a kingdom of extreme western Java), driving out all other foreigners and gaining a monopoly of trade. As governor general, however, he was arbitrary in his rule and often neglectful of his duties.