Delia Salter Bacon

Delia Salter Bacon (born Feb. 2, 1811, Tallmadge, Ohio, U.S.—died Sept. 2, 1859, Hartford, Conn.) was an American writer who developed the theory, still subscribed to by some, that Francis Bacon and others were the true authors of the works attributed to William Shakespeare.

Bacon grew up in Tallmadge and in Hartford, Connecticut, where she attended Catharine E. Beecher’s school for girls. After working as a teacher in various schools from 1826 to 1832, she tried and failed to establish her own schools. She then turned to writing—Tales of the Puritans (1831) and a play, The Bride of Fort Edward (1839), based on the story of the murder of Jane McCrea in 1777—and also lectured on literary and historical topics. She was successful as a lecturer until about 1850, when, as a result of a humiliating relationship with a young minister, she withdrew from active life.

Bacon gradually evolved a theory that the works attributed to Shakespeare had in fact been written by a coterie of writers led by Francis Bacon and including Edmund Spenser and Sir Walter Raleigh and were credited by them to the relatively obscure actor and theatre manager Shakespeare largely for political reasons. Becoming thoroughly convinced of the notion, and with some encouragement from Ralph Waldo Emerson, she traveled to England in 1853, ostensibly to seek proof. She was uninterested in looking for original source material, however, and for three years lived in poverty while she developed her thesis out of ingenuity and “hidden meanings” found in the plays. In 1856, for unknown reasons, she abandoned her plan of opening Shakespeare’s grave to look for certain documents she believed would support her position. Nathaniel Hawthorne, at that time U.S. consul in Liverpool, took pity on her, lent her money, and arranged for the publication of her book The Philosophy of the Plays of Shakespeare Unfolded (1857). Immediately after the appearance of the book, she suffered a mental breakdown, and she never learned that it had met with little but ridicule. She was returned to the United States in 1858. The idea that had obsessed her assumed a life of its own, and the theory continued to have its adherents throughout the years.