Duncan Campbell Scott

Duncan Campbell Scott (born Aug. 2, 1862, Ottawa, Canada West [now Ontario, Can.]—died Dec. 19, 1947, Ottawa) was a Canadian administrator, poet, and short-story writer, best known at the end of the 20th century for advocating the assimilation of Canada’s First Nations peoples.

In 1879 Scott joined the Canadian Department of Indian Affairs; he reached the highest levels of this agency before retiring in 1932. During this period, Scott firmly supported the assimilationist policies of the Canadian government and advocated a policy of tribal termination, under which the indigenous peoples of Canada were to lose legal recognition and the protections and guarantees of their treaties with the government. The objective of these policies, he told a committee of the House of Commons in 1920, was “to continue until there is not a single Indian in Canada that has not been absorbed into the body politic and there is no Indian question, and no Indian Department.” He was also responsible for the supervision of Canada’s Residential Schools, a system of off-reservation boarding schools for indigenous children. Scott allowed school staff to use a variety of inhumane punishments to implement and enforce the assimilation of these children.

Scott’s position was characteristic of government administrators of the time, but later complaints about his actions caused them to be reviewed by the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, which convened in 1991 and issued a report on the matter in 1996. The Canadian government subsequently issued an apology for exposing to abuse the estimated 100,000 aboriginal students who attended the schools. In 2006 it also offered some $2 billion (Canadian) in class-action reparations to those former students.

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Scott’s work was influenced by his close friend the Ottawa poet Archibald Lampman, whose work he edited on Lampman’s death; both achieved recognition as part of the Confederation group of poets, whose intense and localized focus on nature and the northern wilderness helped usher in a nationalist movement in Canadian poetry. Scott produced several volumes of verse from 1893 (The Magic House, and Other Poems) to 1947 (The Circle of Affection). Some of his poems, including “The Onondaga Madonna,” have been frequently anthologized, and his poems often take First Nations customs as their subject. He also published two volumes of stories, In the Village of Viger (1896), which portrays French Canadian life, and The Witching of Elspie (1923).