Élie, Duke Decazes
- Born:
- Sept. 28, 1780, Sainte-Martin-de-Laye, France
- Died:
- Oct. 24, 1860, Decazeville (aged 80)
Élie, Duke Decazes (born Sept. 28, 1780, Sainte-Martin-de-Laye, France—died Oct. 24, 1860, Decazeville) was a French political figure and leader of the moderate constitutional monarchists during the Bourbon Restoration.
A lawyer by profession, Decazes had previously served as a local magistrate (1806), a councillor to Louis Bonaparte in Holland (1807), and judge of the Parisian appeals court (1811).
When the Bourbons were restored after the fall of Napoleon I, Decazes was appointed prefect of police in Paris (July 1815) and shortly thereafter was made director of national police affairs. He was an intimate adviser to King Louis XVIII and, because of his opposition to the White Terror (an outburst of revenge-seeking Roman Catholic loyalists in the south), emerged as a leader of the moderate constitutionalist forces. In August 1816 he engineered the dissolution of the Chambre Introuvable (an extreme royalist Chamber of Deputies) and the subsequent electoral victory of the moderates. In December 1818 he assumed the post of minister of interior and was clearly the strong man in the government of Jean Dessolles.
Decazes favoured liberalization of censorship and electoral laws and a revision of the French fiscal system, but all his plans attracted the ferocious opposition of the ultraroyalists, who had since regained control of the Chamber of Deputies. In the wake of a crisis over the exclusion of the former revolutionary Abbé Henri Grégoire from the Chamber, Decazes formally assumed the post of premier. His term was short, for the assassination of the Duke de Berry (Feb. 13, 1820), which provoked renewed ultraroyalist fury, forced Louis XVIII into accepting his resignation (Feb. 19, 1820). The grateful monarch then bestowed upon his favourite the ducal title and sent him to England as ambassador.
In February 1821 Decazes returned to take his seat in the Chamber of Peers, where he continued as an outspoken critic of the reactionary policies of Charles X. In 1830 he supported the Orléanist revolution.
In addition, Decazes was instrumental in the organization of coal and steel production in the Aveyron region. The central town, Decazeville, was named in his honour in 1829.