Eugene and Maria Jolas

Eugene and Maria Jolas (respectively, born Oct. 26, 1894, Union City, N.J., U.S.—died May 26, 1952, Paris; born January 1893, Louisville, Ky., U.S.—died March 4, 1987, Paris) were American founders, along with Elliot Paul, of the revolutionary literary quarterly transition.

Raised in Lorraine, France, Jolas worked as a journalist both in America and in France. As he rejected the industrial focus of American society in the 1920s, he also lost faith in newspaper reporting and became more interested in literature. The Jolases met in the United States and moved to Paris after their marriage in 1926. There Jolas sought to provide a forum for international writers with the establishment of the periodical transition (1927–30, 1932–39). Dedicated to the original, the revolutionary, and the experimental, transition published foreign writers in translation as well as such writers as Gertrude Stein, Kay Boyle, Archibald MacLeish, H.D., Allen Tate, Ernest Hemingway, Samuel Beckett, William Carlos Williams, and—perhaps most significantly—James Joyce. The magazine was an immediate literary success.

In addition to his role as the chief editor and guiding light of transition, Jolas wrote poetry that reflected his beliefs that language should be re-created and should rely upon dreams and the subconscious for inspiration. His best volume was The Language of Night (1932).

Maria Jolas’ work on transition was less visible than her husband’s; she was essentially the managing and production editor as well as a translator of the foreign pieces that appeared in the magazine. Her other work included the establishment of the École Bilingue de Neuilly (1932–40; “Bilingual School of Neuilly”) and the translation of 12 novels by Nathalie Sarraute.