Henry Bennet, 1st earl of Arlington

Henry Bennet, 1st earl of Arlington (born 1618, Little Saxham, Suffolk, Eng.—died July 28, 1685, Euston, Suffolk) was the secretary of state under King Charles II of England from 1662 to 1674 and a leading member of Charles’s “Cabal” ministry. Besides directing foreign policy for 12 years, Arlington, by creating the nucleus of a “court party” (the future Tories) in the House of Commons, helped to develop the party system in England.

Bennet served as Charles’s agent in Madrid while both were in exile after the English Civil War. As secretary of state, Bennet (created Baron Arlington in 1663 and given an earldom in 1672) survived parliamentary censure for the conduct and result of the second Anglo-Dutch War (1665–67). With the fall of the 1st Earl of Clarendon, the lord chancellor, in 1667, Arlington became in effect the chief minister of state.

A skeptic in religion (although on his deathbed he professed himself a Roman Catholic), he used the fear of popery to rouse popular feeling against France. In 1668, with Sir William Temple (one of the outstanding men whom Arlington brought into the King’s service) as intermediary, he negotiated the Protestant Triple Alliance of England, the Dutch Republic, and Sweden. Because he was in the King’s confidence, however, Arlington was ambiguously involved in Charles’s pro-French and pro-Catholic policies that were embodied in the secret Anglo-French Treaty of Dover (1670), in which Charles agreed, among other things, to support Louis XIV of France in war against the Dutch Republic. Although Arlington supported measures intended to effectuate the Dover treaties (a second treaty having been signed openly later in 1670), he was thought to have taken bribes from the Dutch, with whom England concluded peace in 1673.

In 1674 Arlington, denounced by the 2nd Duke of Buckingham, was impeached for embezzlement, “betrayal of trust,” and promoting Roman Catholicism. The charges failed, but Arlington resigned the secretaryship of state (Sept. 11, 1674) for the safer but lucrative position of lord chamberlain. He held that office until his death early in the reign of James II, whose exclusion from the succession to the throne Arlington may have proposed.