Johann Tetzel

Johann Tetzel (born c. 1465, Pirna, Saxony [Germany]—died Aug. 11, 1519, Leipzig) was a German Dominican friar whose preaching on indulgences, considered by many of his contemporaries to be an abuse of the sacrament of penance, sparked Martin Luther’s reaction.

After entering the Dominican order, probably at Leipzig, Tetzel was appointed inquisitor for Poland (1509) and later for Saxony. His experiences as a preacher of indulgences, especially between 1503 and 1510, led to his appointment as general commissioner by Albert, archbishop of Mainz, who, deeply in debt to pay for a large accumulation of benefices, had to contribute a considerable sum toward the rebuilding of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome. Albert obtained permission from Pope Leo X to conduct the sale of a special plenary indulgence (i.e., remission of the temporal punishment of sin), half of the proceeds of which Albert was to claim to pay the fees of his benefices. In effect, Tetzel became a salesman whose product was to cause a scandal in Germany that evolved into the greatest crisis (the Reformation) in the history of the Western church.

Tetzel preached for the indulgence in the German dioceses of Meissen (1516), Magdeburg, and Halberstadt (1517), but he was forbidden to do so in electoral Saxony by the elector Frederick III the Wise of Saxony. Tetzel’s preaching at Jüterbog, near Wittenberg, in the spring of 1517 provoked Martin Luther’s Ninety-five Theses at Wittenberg on Oct. 31, 1517, attacking the system of indulgences. In reply, an uncompromising 50 theses under Tetzel’s name (but composed by the theologian Konrad Wimpina) were published in May 1518. At the end of 1518 Tetzel withdrew to Leipzig priory, where he died.

Tetzel was not a profound theologian and was severely criticized for his unorthodox teaching on indulgences for the dead. His view that gifts secured this indulgence, together with the financial transactions surrounding the preaching of it, was symptomatic of the abuses that provoked the Reformation.