John M. Bozeman

John M. Bozeman (born 1835, Georgia, U.S.—died April 20, 1867, near Yellowstone River, Montana Territory [U.S.]) was the creator of the Bozeman Trail to the gold-rush towns of western Montana in the 1860s.

Little is known of Bozeman’s life in Georgia, other than that he left his wife and two children there in 1861 to try his luck at mining in Colorado. The following year, he moved to Montana, along with thousands of others lured by tales of vast gold deposits there.

Recognizing that gold seekers entering the region from the east had to follow either of two circuitous routes, Bozeman, in late 1862, decided to seek a more direct one. He traveled east from Bannack, crossed the Continental Divide (at what became known as Bozeman Pass), and then turned south through the eastern foothills of the Bighorn Mountains.

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Exploration and Discovery

Bozeman seemed unaware or unconcerned that his trail cut through territory reserved by treaty to Indians. He and his partner were set on by Sioux and experienced severe hardship before finally reaching Fort Laramie. Ignoring the obvious danger, however, Bozeman led a party of would-be settlers over his road in the spring of 1863. Again, hostile Indians attacked, and all but Bozeman turned back and took a traditional circuitous route. He made his way across Indian territory, traveling by night, and reached Virginia City.

In 1864 Bozeman took another caravan over his route, and the following year federal troops began to guard the Bozeman Trail. In December 1866, however, the Sioux succeeded in closing the road by a massacre near Fort Kearny. Undaunted, Bozeman in the spring of 1867 set out once more from Virginia City to follow his trail. At the Yellowstone, a band of five Blackfeet attacked, killing the erstwhile explorer and wounding his companion.