Jonah
Jonah (flourished 785 bce) was one of the 12 Minor Prophets in the Hebrew Bible and Christian Old Testament. His narrative is part of a larger book, The Twelve, in the Jewish canon, and stands alone as the Book of Jonah in Christian scripture. The account, which opposes the narrow Jewish nationalism of the time, was probably written in the 5th or 4th century bce. Jonah is also mentioned in 2 Kings 14:25.
Historical context
Jonah was a Jewish prophet and is identified as the son of Amittai. Given the historical information conveyed in the 2 Kings passage, he may have lived about 785 bce. At that time the Assyrian empire was one of the cruelest and most aggressive in Mesopotamia. The Assyrians had destroyed scores of cities and villages and forcibly relocated or enslaved other groups of people, cutting a large swath along the Fertile Crescent. In the 720s bce, they attacked and conquered Israel, the prosperous northernmost Jewish kingdom, and the southern kingdom, Judah, was reduced to paying heavy tribute. Assyria was thus one of the Jews’ most feared and hated enemies. Despite being set during the years of Assyrian reign, the story of Jonah was likely written about the 5th or 4th century bce, after the Babylonian Exile, when memories of the cruelty of Assyrian tyranny would have lingered in legend and oral history.
Synopsis
According to the biblical account, God orders Jonah to warn the citizens of Nineveh, a principal Assyrian city, to repent of their wickedness, but Jonah refuses to believe that these hated people deserve salvation. Rather than traveling east to the landlocked city of Nineveh, he instead runs west to the port of Joppa and boards a ship headed for Tarshish across the Mediterranean Sea. A storm threatens the ship, and the sailors draw lots to find out which man is the cause of their misfortune. The lot falls to Jonah, who tells the sailors that the storm is his fault and instructs them to throw him overboard. Once Jonah is thrown into the sea, the storm subsides, and the sailors worship the Hebrew God.
Alone in the sea, Jonah is swallowed by a huge fish and spends three days and nights in its belly, where he prays for deliverance. God commands the fish to spit the man out on land, and finally Jonah heads to Nineveh to comply with God’s original instructions to him. Upon hearing the prophet’s warning, the king and the people of Nineveh repent, and God does not punish them.
Jonah is angry with God for the mercy shown to the Ninevites and flees the city to see if God will perhaps still destroy it. Outside of the city, the prophet builds a crude shelter for himself, and God sends a plant to shade the prophet from the sun. Jonah is pleased with his shady hovel, but then God sends a worm to eat the plant, and it dies. Exposed to the heat and the wind, Jonah is angered by the loss of his plant. God chastises him for being concerned about a wild plant but not about the many thousands of citizens in the great city.
Analysis
The book is unusual in that Jonah, an Israelite prophet, was called to preach repentance to those who were not Jewish, breaking out of the contemporary pattern of Hebrew nationalism. Other prophets of the time spoke specifically to the Israelite people, and it was a fairly radical idea that God might look with favour on other nations and peoples, especially the Assyrians. Thus Jonah was reluctant to follow the command to prophesy to the Ninevites. While Jonah would rather see his own life destroyed than extend grace to the Assyrians, the book portrays his God as forgiving, showing grace and mercy to even the vilest and cruelest of people.