Keokuk

Keokuk (born 1790?, along Rock River [near present-day Rock Island, Illinois, U.S.]—died 1848?, Sac and Fox Reservation [in present-day Franklin county, Kansas]) was a Sauk (Sac) Indian orator and politician who became chief by ceding Native American lands to win white support and by rallying opposition to his own tribe’s resistance leaders.

Born of the Fox clan, Keokuk early exhibited physical prowess, keen intelligence, and a gift of persuasion. He rose to prominence in the tribal council, and, during the War of 1812, he tried to seize power from Black Hawk, who had left the Sauk village to fight with the British. Thus began a lifelong struggle between these two leaders, who disagreed completely on how to meet the challenge posed by advancing white settlement. Black Hawk stood for resistance; Keokuk represented accommodation and concession. Many Indians, witnessing the showering of gifts and honours on Keokuk by U.S. Indian agents and military leaders, turned to him for leadership.

Keokuk urged patience as white settlers moved closer and closer to ancient tribal lands along the Rock River. In the late 1820s, he advocated compliance with the government’s demand that the Sauk and Fox move westward. In 1832 Black Hawk led a short-lived resistance effort against the white encroachments. Keokuk counseled peace and surrender, and he even provided advance warning to the U.S. Indian agent at Rock Island of Black Hawk’s intention to take to the warpath.

For his assistance, the U.S. government named Keokuk to head the Sauk nation. Keokuk responded by ceding the Illinois lands of the Sauk and Fox and moving his people to Iowa. Through the remainder of his life, he continued to give away tribal land until the Sauk and Fox had to settle on a reservation in Kansas, where, in disgrace among his own people despite the wealth and power he had accumulated, Keokuk died.